1. 1.Biofuels 2.Plant signaling (including neurobiology) 3.Climate/CO 2 change 4.Plant movements

2. Biofuels 1st gen Ethanol Yeast makes EtOH from plant sugar Corn, sugar cane, sugar beet, sorghum

3. Biofuels 1st gen Ethanol Yeast makes EtOH from plant sugar Corn, sugar cane, sugar beet, sorghum Only use part of plant

4. Biofuels 1st gen Ethanol Yeast makes EtOH from plant sugar Corn, sugar cane, sugar beet, sorghum Only use part of plant Use crops for fuel instead of food

5. Biofuels 1st gen Ethanol Yeast makes EtOH from plant sugar Corn, sugar cane, sugar beet, sorghum Only use part of plant Use crops for fuel instead of food Net loss of C

6. Biofuels 1st gen Ethanol Yeast makes EtOH from plant sugar Corn, sugar cane, sugar beet, sorghum Only use part of plant Use crops for fuel instead of food 2nd gen (cellulosic) Ethanol Use cell walls as source of sugar for yeast

7. Biofuels 2nd gen (cellulosic) Ethanol Use cell walls as source of sugar for yeast Can use entire plant

8. Biofuels 2nd gen (cellulosic) Ethanol Use cell walls as source of sugar for yeast Can use entire plant Can use non-crops grown on marginal land Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) C4 perennial: grows from Mexico to 55˚ N

9. Biofuels Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) C4 perennial: grows from Mexico to 55˚ N C4 = high water efficiency, also deep roots = high nutrient efficiency so grows on poor soil

10. Biofuels Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Can yield 5.4 x more energy than needed to grow, harvest & convert it to ethanol cf 1.3 x max for corn Also used for soil conservation and phytoremediation

11. Biofuels Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Can yield 5.4 x more energy than needed to grow, harvest & convert it to ethanol cf 1.3 x max for corn Also used for soil conservation and phytoremediation Miscanthus giganteus

12. Biofuels Miscanthus giganteus Sterile hybrid of M. sinensis X M. sacchariflorus (both from Asia)hybrid

13. Biofuels Miscanthus giganteus Sterile hybrid of M. sinensis & M. sacchariflorus (both from Asia)hybrid C4 perennial that reproduces solely through rhizomes

14. Biofuels Miscanthus giganteus Sterile hybrid of M. sinensis & M. sacchariflorus (both from Asia)hybrid C4 perennial that reproduces solely through rhizomes Non-invasive cf both parents, even though grows > 4m tall cf 1-2 m max for both parents

15. Biofuels Miscanthus giganteus Non-invasive cf both parents, even though grows > 4m tall cf 1-2 m max for both parents High N efficiency + C4 = grows well on barren land Can yield 20 tons biomass/acre cf 7.6 for corn & 6 for switchgrass

16. Biofuels Miscanthus giganteus Can yield 20 tons biomass/acre cf 7.6 for corn & 6 for switchgrass could supply 12% of the EU's energy by 2050

17. Biofuels Miscanthus giganteus Can yield 20 tons biomass/acre cf 7.6 for corn & 6 for switchgrass could supply 12% of the EU's energy by 2050 Trees poplar

18. Biofuels Miscanthus giganteus Can yield 20 tons biomass/acre cf 7.6 for corn & 6 for switchgrass could supply 12% of the EU's energy by 2050 Trees Poplar eucalyptus

19. Biofuels Trees Poplar Eucalyptus Can be harvested in 4-5 years

20. Biofuels Trees Poplar Eucalyptus Can be harvested in 4-5 years Low maintenance

21. Biofuels Trees Poplar Eucalyptus Can be harvested in 4-5 years Low maintenance Yield <4 tons biomass/acre cf 20 for M. giganteus

22. Biofuels Trees Poplar Eucalyptus Can be harvested in 4-5 years Low maintenance Yield <4 tons biomass/acre cf 20 for M. giganteus Sawdust, other waste cell walls

23. Biofuels 2nd gen (cellulosic) Ethanol Use cell walls as source of sugar for yeast Can use entire plant Can use non-crops grown on marginal land Problem: lignin & other wall chems

24. Biofuels 2nd gen (cellulosic) Ethanol Problem: lignin & other wall chems

25. Biofuels 2nd gen (cellulosic) Ethanol Problem: lignin & other wall chems Chemical hydrolysis

26. Biofuels Problem: lignin & other wall chems Chemical hydrolysis Digest cell walls with enzymes

27. Biofuels Problem: lignin & other wall chems Chemical hydrolysis Digest cell walls with enzymes Need a cocktail

28. Biofuels Problem: lignin & other wall chems Chemical hydrolysis Digest cell walls with enzymes Need a a cocktail Fermenting other sugars

29. Biofuels Fermenting other sugars Use other microbes Mutate yeast

30. Biofuels Fermenting other sugars Use other microbes Mutate yeast Mutate plants to make simpler cell walls

31. Biofuels Fermenting other sugars Use other microbes Mutate yeast Mutate plants to make simpler cell walls 10% of Arabidopsis genes are estimated to be involved in plant cell wall metabolism

32. Biofuels Fermenting other sugars Use other microbes Mutate yeast Mutate plants to make simpler cell walls 10% of Arabidopsis genes are estimated to be involved in plant cell wall metabolism Many mutants reduce lignin synthesis

33. Biofuels Mutate plants to make simpler cell walls 10% of Arabidopsis genes are estimated to be involved in plant cell wall metabolism Many mutants reduce lignin synthesis Easier to digest cell walls

34. Biofuels Mutate plants to make simpler cell walls 10% of Arabidopsis genes are estimated to be involved in plant cell wall metabolism Many mutants reduce lignin synthesis Easier to digest cell walls Easier for pathogens to attack

35. Biofuels Mutate plants to make simpler cell walls 10% of Arabidopsis genes are estimated to be involved in plant cell wall metabolism Many mutants reduce lignin synthesis Easier to digest cell walls Easier for pathogens to attack More prone to xylem collapse

36. Biofuels Biodiesel = fatty acid methyl esters Trans-esterify oils to make them volatile Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS2): US must use > 1 billion gallons/year in 2012 through 2022 > 50% reduction in CO 2 cf petrodiesel Oils can be from seeds, algae, used cooking oil, animals

37. Biofuels Problem: are shifting from growing food to growing fuel! Raises price of soybeans, corn, etc Cut down forests to grow oil crops in tropics Is this environmentally sound? Depends on real costs of growing, processing and delivering products

38. Biofuels Problem: are shifting from growing food to growing fuel! Raises price of soybeans, corn, etc Cut down forests to grow oil crops in tropics Is this environmentally sound? Depends on real costs of growing, processing and delivering products NO! for corn-based ethanol! Probably yes for cellulosic ethanol Maybe for soy-based biodiesel Maybe for other biodiesel What are the real costs? What else could be grown?

39. Biofuels Maybe for other biodiesel What are the real costs? What else could be grown? Best to grow in places unsuitable for other crops Pickleweed in salt marshes

40. Biofuels Maybe for other biodiesel What are the real costs? What else could be grown? Best to grow in places unsuitable for other crops Pickleweed in salt marshes Algae (up to 60% oil) can generate 10x more oil/acre Grow in sewage, etc? Mutate to divert more photosynthate to lipids, ethanol, biogasoline, H 2 or electricity!

41. Biofuels What else could be grown? Plants that release H 2 ?

42. Biofuels What else could be grown? Plants that release H 2 ? Plants that make electricity?

43. Biofuels What else could be grown? Plants that release H 2 ? Plants that make electricity? Plants that make plastic, antibodies, etc?

44. Biofuels What else could be grown? Plants that release H 2 ? What else could be done? http://www.coskata.com/process/

45. Biofuels What else could be grown? Plants that release H 2 ? What else could be done? Burn crops to make electricity?

46. Biofuels What else could be grown? Plants that release H 2 ? What else could be done? Burn plants to make electricity? 2x better energy recovery than ethanol or diesel

47. Biofuels What else could be grown? Plants that release H 2 ? What else could be done? Burn plants to make electricity? 2x better energy recovery than ethanol or diesel EthosGen (Jim Abrams) wants to build an ethanol production plant in Newport Township

48. Biofuels What else could be grown? Plants that release H 2 ? What else could be done? Burn plants to make electricity? 2x better energy recovery than ethanol or diesel EthosGen (Jim Abrams) wants to build an ethanol production plant in Newport Township Army likes their idea, except want them to make electricity instead!

49. Biofuels What else could be grown? Plants that release H 2 ? What else could be done? Burn plants to make electricity? 2x better energy recovery than ethanol or diesel EthosGen (Jim Abrams) wants to build an ethanol production plant in Newport Township Army likes their idea, except want them to make electricity instead! Conclusion: Renewable fuels are feasible

50. Biofuels What else could be grown? Plants that release H 2 ? What else could be done? Burn plants to make electricity? 2x better energy recovery than ethanol or diesel EthosGen (Jim Abrams) wants to build an ethanol production plant in Newport Township Army likes their idea, except want them to make electricity instead! Conclusion: Renewable fuels are feasible Bioethanol/biodiesel are stopgaps

51. Biofuels What else could be grown? Plants that release H 2 ? What else could be done? Burn plants to make electricity? 2x better energy recovery than ethanol or diesel EthosGen (Jim Abrams) wants to build an ethanol production plant in Newport Township Army likes their idea, except want them to make electricity instead! Conclusion: Renewable fuels are feasible Bioethanol/biodiesel are stopgaps Bioelectricity is best long-term plan

52. Biofuels Conclusion: Renewable fuels are feasible Bioethanol/biodiesel are stopgaps Bioelectricity is best long-term plan Direct current (eg solar panels?)

53. Biofuels Conclusion: Renewable fuels are feasible Bioethanol/biodiesel are stopgaps Bioelectricity is best long-term plan Direct current (eg solar panels?) Hydrogen via water-splitting?

54. Biofuels Conclusion: Renewable fuels are feasible Bioethanol/biodiesel are stopgaps Bioelectricity is best long-term plan Direct current (eg solar panels?) Hydrogen via water-splitting? Something else?

55. Biofuels Conclusion: Renewable fuels are feasible Bioethanol/biodiesel are stopgaps Bioelectricity is best long-term plan Direct current (eg solar panels?) Hydrogen via water-splitting? Something else? Photosynthetic vehicles & houses?

56. Biofuels Conclusion: Renewable fuels are feasible Bioethanol/biodiesel are stopgaps Bioelectricity is best long-term plan Direct current (eg solar panels?) Hydrogen via water-splitting? Something else? Photosynthetic vehicles & houses? We can learn a lot from plants!

57. WATER Plants' most important chemical most often limits productivity

58. WATER Plants' most important chemical most often limits productivity Often >90% of a plant cell’s weight

59. WATER Plants' most important chemical most often limits productivity Often >90% of a plant cell’s weight Gives cells shape

60. WATER Plants' most important chemical most often limits productivity Often >90% of a plant cell’s weight Gives cells shape Dissolves many chem

61. WATER Dissolves many chem most biochem occurs in water Source of e - for PS

62. WATER most biochem occurs in water Source of e - for PS Constantly lose water due to PS (1000 H 2 O/CO 2 )

63. WATER most biochem occurs in water Source of e - for PS Constantly lose water due to PS Water transport is crucial!

64. WATER Water transport is crucial! SPAC= Soil Plant Air Continuum moves from soil->plant->air

65. Plant Water Uptake Water is drawn through plants along the SPAC, using its special properties to draw it from the soil into the air

66. WATER Formula = H 2 O Formula weight = 18 daltons Structure = tetrahedron, bond angle 104.5˚

67. WATER Structure = tetrahedron, bond angle 104.5˚ polar :O is more attractive to electrons than H  + on H  - on O

68. Water Polarity is reason for water’s properties water forms H-bonds with polar molecules

69. Water Polarity is reason for water’s properties water forms H-bonds with polar molecules Hydrophilic = polar molecules Hydrophobic = non-polar molecules

70. Properties of water 1)Cohesion = water H-bonded to water -> reason for surface tension

71. Properties of water 1)Cohesion = water H-bonded to water -> reason for surface tension -> why water can be drawn from roots to leaves

72. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else

73. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else Cohesion and adhesion are crucial for water movement in plants!

74. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else Cohesion and adhesion are crucial for water movement in plants! Surface tension & adhesion in mesophyll creates force that draws water through the plant!

75. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else 3) high specific heat absorb heat when break H-bonds: cools leaves

76. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else 3) high specific heat absorb heat when break H-bonds Release heat when form H-bonds