1. Linux Administration

2. KDE & Gnome Comparision Package Management User Management Linux Services System Calls Default Look Menu Navigation Renaming Files File Browser Prefrences Changes Exiting SPM & FETURES DPM APT Apt-get Add user Modify user Delete user Add group Delete group

3. KDE and Gnome Comparison Default Look Menu Navigation Renaming Files File Browser Preferences Changes Exiting

4. When you look at the default setup of Gnome and KDE in Ubuntu, their differences are mainly cosmetic. KDE by default (this can be changed) favors blue and grey, has one toolbar at the bottom of the screen, and has one main menu. Gnome by default (this can also be changed) favors dark grey and purple, has two toolbars (one at the top, one at the bottom), and splits its menu into three submenus—Applications, Places, and System. You should not select your desktop environment based on its default look. Gnome can just as easily favor blue, and KDE can be made to be orange. Both can be any color you want. Toolbars can be moved, added, deleted. The Gnome menus can be combined. New KDE menus can be added. Default Look

5. There is a KMenu through which you access all programs. By default in Kubuntu there is a quick- navigation button that looks like a folder. If you want to go to your Documents folder, you would go to the quick navigation button and then select Documents. Then you would click Open to open it. In Gnome in Ubuntu's default layout (though you can change it to a one-button format if you'd like), you have separate buttons for applications, for folder navigation, and for system preferences. To go to your Home Folder or Documents folder, you click on Places and then select the location you want to go to. Menu Navigation

6. To rename Press F2 key. In newer versions of KDE, the renaming process focuses on only the main filename and leaves out the extension. The renaming happens in a pop-up window, which you can confirm or cancel when you're done. KDE also defaults to a single-click instead of double-click for opening files. In Gnome, renaming a file also focuses on the main file name, but it does so inline and not with a pop-up window. Renaming Files

7. KDE has a reputation for having confusing menus and options. I tend to think of it as just a different approach. In the file browser preferences, for example, you see five main options and then a lot of minor options in each submenu. In Gnome's file browser preferences, you see six main options and then a bunch of other minor options in each submenu. Even though there are more options in Gnome in this case, many Gnome advocates consider Gnome simpler and less confusing. Again, I think of it as just two different approaches and a matter of preference. File Browser Preferences

8. In KDE, usually when you make a change, you have to click Apply or Save to get the changes to stick. This again is part of how it's earned its reputation for being more Windows-like. In Gnome, changes usually take effect as you are choosing the new option. Changes

9. Exiting

10. Package Management

11. The Synaptic Package Manager Install softwares Manage softwares It is based on the package manager APT & provide functions similar to apt-get command line tool. It resolve dependency automatically e.g. the Mozilla Internet Suite is packaged to mozilla-browser, that contains the actual browser, and mozilla-mail, that contains the mail client

12. Features of SPM 1. Install, remove, configure and upgrade single and multiple packages. 2. Upgrade your whole system. 3. Manage package repositories. 4. Search packages by name, description and several other attributes. 5. Browse all available online documentation related to a package. 6. Lock packages to the current version. 7. Force the installation of a specific package version.

15. Debian Package Manager 1. Contain all of the necessary files, meta-data, and instructions to implement a particular functionality or software application on your Ubuntu computer. 2..deb 3. Typically exist in repositories which are collections of packages found on various media, such as CD-ROM discs, or onlinePackages are normally of the pre-compiled binary format; thus installation is quick and requires no compiling of software. 4. DPKG is debian based system.it can only install, remove and build the packages but can't download and install packages online. Eg To list all packages type Dpkg -l

16. APT (apt-get) (Advanced Packaging Tool) Help to installation of new software packages, upgrade of existing software packages,updating of the package list index, and even upgrading the entire Ubuntu system. Install a Package (sudo apt-get install mysql-client mysql-server) Remove a Package (sudo apt-get remove mysql-client mysql-server) Update the Package Index (sudo apt-get update) Upgrade Packages (sudo apt-get upgrade)

17. User Management

18. To add a user account sudo adduser username To delete a user account sudo deluser username Deleting an account does not remove their respective home folder. It is up to you whether or not you wish to delete the folder manually or keep it according to your desired retention policies.

19. To temporarily lock or unlock a user account sudo passwd -l username sudo passwd -u username To add or delete a personalized group sudo addgroup groupname sudo delgroup groupname To add a user to a group, use the following syntax: sudo adduser username groupname

20. Linux Services

21. There are 3 basic categories to these services 1.) A one time only program run at bootup to provide a function to the system such as kudzu (Detects and configures new or changed hardware on a system.), or keytable(load kyboard and keytable with fonts.) 2.) A program run as a daemon upon startup that provides system services such as gpm, autofs, cron(used to clean tmp files), and atd. 3.) A program run as a daemon upon startup that provides networking services such as dhcpd, bootparamd, arpwatch, gated, and httpd.

22. Examples of services Bootparamd-Allows remote computers to boot from a Linux box using the BOOTP network protocol. This allows the remote computer to get its IP address if the server knows the hardware address of the remote machine. The DHCP protocol is an upgrade to this protocol since it is more automated. Amd - Runs the automount daemon for remote filesystem mounting such as nfs. Apmd-Monitors battery status Arpwatch-allows system administrators to note new IP addresses being used. (/var/arpwatch/arp.dat.) Atd-Run command via “at” program at schedule time. Autofs-working with removeable media Dhcpd-provide IP to remote machine Gpm-provide mouse support Gated-Provides routing services for BGP and other protocols. Alternative to routed. Supports IGP (Interior gateway protocol) and EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol). Httpd-The Apache hypertext transfer protocol Web server.