1. Virtual Ground www.ustudy.in

2. Introduction  A virtual ground is no more than a voltage divider where the divided network is the ground and the outer of the network are connected to the + & - of the single source of energy.  Virtual ground is a point in a circuit which is at ground potential (0 volts) but is NOT connected to ground. www.ustudy.in

3. Virtual Ground www.ustudy.in

4. Virtual Ground circuit www.ustudy.in

5. Virtual Ground Circuit 1 www.ustudy.in

6. Circuit 1  In this circuit V1 (the left-hand battery) supplies +10 volts to the circuit while V2 (the right-hand battery) supplies -10 volts to the circuit.  The total difference in potential in the circuit is 20 volts. www.ustudy.in

7. Total Resistance of the circuit  The total resistance of the circuit can be calculated: www.ustudy.in

8. Total Current of the circuit  The total resistance of the circuit can be calculated: www.ustudy.in

9. Voltage drop across the R1  The voltage drop across R1 can be computed: www.ustudy.in

10. Voltage drop across the R2  To check this result, compute the voltage drop across R2 and subtract this from the voltage at point A.  The result should be the voltage of V2. www.ustudy.in

11. Voltage at point A  The voltage at point A would be equal to the voltage of V1 minus the voltage drop of R1. www.ustudy.in

12.  It is not necessary that the voltage supplies be equal to create a point of virtual ground. Voltage of the circuit www.ustudy.in

13. Virtual Ground Circuit 2 www.ustudy.in

14. Total Resistance  In this circuit V1 supplies +1 volt to the circuit while V2 supplies -10 volts.  The total difference in potential is 11 volts.  The total resistance of this circuit (R1 + R2) is 11 ohms. www.ustudy.in

15. Voltage drop  The total current (I T ) is 1 ampere.  The voltage drop across R1 (E R1 = R 1 X I T ) is 1 volt.  The voltage drop across R2 (E R2 = R2 X I T ) is 10 volts. www.ustudy.in

16. Voltage at point A  The voltage at point A can be computed: www.ustudy.in

17. Voltage at V2  So point A is at virtual ground in this circuit also.  To check the results, compute the voltage at V2. www.ustudy.in

18. The End ……. Thank You …….. www.ustudy.in