1. Chapter World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert AP ® Seventh Edition The Rise of Russia 21

2. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Figure 21.1 Early Russian tsar Ivan V, 1682– 1696. Ivan was actually sickly and ineffective and soon gave way to Peter the Great. But the portrait suggests the symbolism with which the tsars were invested.

3. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Chapter Overview I.Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars II.Russia's First Westernization, 1690– 1790 III.Themes in Early Modern Russian History

4. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert TIMELINE 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.

5. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars 14th Century –Duchy of Moscow takes lead in expelling Mongols –Moscow Princes were tax collectors under Mongol Rule Ivan III (the Great) –Orthodox Christianity –By 1480, independent state –Strong Army, Military State

6. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars The Need for Revival –Mongols  Laissez-faire policy  Worried about tribute rather than governing –Period of cultural and economic decline  Literacy decrease  Cultural Life deteriorated –Ivan III  Restoration of traditional rule by consolidation power. Married Byzantine royalty  Role overseeing church  Russia as the "Third Rome“ Tsar=Caeser

7. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars The Need for Revival –Ivan IV (The Terrible)  Attacks boyars (nobles)  Fended off attacks while expanding Russia's territory(Ukraine, Central Asia).

8. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars Patterns of Expansion –Expansion into central Asia  Into Siberia by 1500 –Cossacks (peasants) recruited to settle new lands- Helped expand Russian power  Frontier quality –Land grants to nobles, bureaucrats –Trade with Asia increased –Islam tolerated –Multicultural Empire

9. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Map 21.1 Russian Expansion Under the Early Tsars, 1462–1598 From its base in the Moscow region, Russia expanded in three directions; the move into Siberia involved pioneering new settlements, as the government encouraged Russians to push eastward. Political controls extended gradually as well.

10. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Multinational Empires Russia –Most successful multinational empire of its time –Tolerant of internal diversity –Benefitted from selective copying Contemporaneous importance of nation-state –England and France move to standardize –Cohesion of politics and national culture

11. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars Western Contact and Romanov Policy –Intentional turn to West –Ivan III  Embassies to Western states –Ivan IV  British begin trading –Italian artists  Work on churches, Kremlin

12. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars Western Contact and Romanov Policy –Ivan IV dies without heir  Time of Troubles  Boyars attempt to take power  Sweden, Poland take territory –Boyars choose Michael Romanov as tsar –Romanovs would rule for 300 years until the revolution of 1917

13. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars Western Contact and Romanov Policy –Michael Romanov  Restores order, expels invaders  Takes part of Ukraine  Border extended to Ottoman region –Alexis Romanov  Church purged of Mongol-era innovations "Old Believers" exiled

14. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Figure 21.2 This icon, from the 15th century, depicts Mary and the Christ Child. The Russian icon tradition used styles derived from Byzantine art. By the 17th century, under Western influence, they had become more naturalistic.

15. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Map 21.2 Russia Under Peter the Great From 1696 to 1725, Peter the Great allowed his country only one year of peace. For the rest of this reign he radically changed the form of his government to pursue war. By the end, he had established his much-desired "Window on the West" on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea, where he founded the new city of St. Petersburg.

16. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790 Tsarist Autocracy of Peter the Great –Policies  Autocratic  Reforms by fiat  Secret police  Conflict with Ottomans  Baltic port achieved  Capital to St. Petersburg

17. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790 What Westernization Meant –Bureaucratic changes  Navy created  Council of nobles ended Replaced by dependent advisors  Provincial governors under central control  Town councils under royal authority  Laws codified

18. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790 What Westernization Meant –Economy  Metallurgical, mining industries expanded  Pressure to use serfs in manufacturing –Culture  Nobles forced to shave beards  Western dress  Education improved in math –Only upper class affected

19. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Figure 21.3 This contemporary Russian cartoon lampoons Peter the Great's order to his nobility to cut off their beards.

20. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790 Consolidation under Catherine the Great –Peter, dies 1724  Weak rulers follow –Catherine (1762–1796), widow of Peter III  Pugachev peasant rebellion Excuse to expand central power

21. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Figure 21.4 Catherine the Great in the costume of Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom, war, and the arts.

22. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790 Consolidation under Catherine the Great –Catherine (1762–1796), widow of Peter III  Westernization  Absolutism Nobles empowered over serfs French Revolution causes reaction

23. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790 Consolidation under Catherine the Great –Catherine (1762–1796), widow of Peter III  Expansion Crimea taken from Turks Siberia Alaska claimed –Explorers into northern California Partition of Poland

24. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Map 21.3 Russia's Holdings by 1800 Expansion fluctuated from one decade to the next but persisted, bringing Russia into encounters with Europe, the Ottoman empire, and East Asia.

25. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Themes in Early Modern Russian History Serfdom: The Life of East Europe's Masses –Enserfment under Mongols  To placate nobles  Also to increase state control of peasantry –1649, serfdom hereditary –Later laws decrease peasants' rights, mobility  Condition deteriorates in 18th century

26. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Visualizing the Past Oppressed Peasants

27. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Themes in Early Modern Russian History Estate Agriculture, Trade, and Dependence –95 percent rural –Small merchant class –Limited by desire to maintain tradition, not motivated to improve

28. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Themes in Early Modern Russian History Social Unrest –Call for reform by 1800  Peasant unrest Landlords blamed for difficulties –Pugachev rising, 1770s  Height of discontent

29. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Figure 21.5 The Cossack leader Emelian Pugachev attracted supporters by appealing to the popular belief that Peter III, Catherine's husband, was still alive. Claiming to be Peter III, he led a revolt in 1773–1774 that threatened Catherine's throne. When the revolt was defeated, Pugachev was brutally executed as an example to other potential revolutionaries.

30. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Themes in Early Modern Russian History Russia and Eastern Europe –Variations  Balkans Under Ottomans Influenced by Enlightenment  Several states lose autonomy  Poland In Catholic sphere Weakness leads to Partition