15.1 Water and Its Properties > 1 Question of the Day 1.Give an example of a substance that qualifies as an Arrhenius base, Bronsted- Lowry base, and Lewis.

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 1 Question of the Day 1.Give an example of a substance that qualifies as an Arrhenius base, Bronsted- Lowry base, and Lewis base (all three). 1.True OR False: A weak acid can still be concentrated. 1.If 80.0 grams of NaOH are dissolved in 400 mL of distilled water what is the resulting concentration? All periods 2-26 day 4

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 3 Things to Start Thinking About 1.When I grow up I would like to be… 2.After high school I would like to… 3.Do you want to live in a city? 4.Do you want to attend a small / large school? 5.Do you want to study abroad, play a sport, participate in extra-curiculars, etc. All periods 2-26 day 4

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Scheduling Physics AP Physics (Honors Physics 1 st ) Anatomy and Physiology AP Environmental AP Biology Principles of Ecology and Field Biology Principles of Ecology AP Chemistry Environmental Issues / Bioethics Introduction to Forensic Science PA’s Wildlife and Natural Resources 2-26 day 4

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 5 Question of the Day 1.Was the sodium hydroxide solution you used in the titration lab a strong or weak base? a concentrated or dilute base? Be prepared to explain. Period 1 2-29 day 5

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 6 Question of the Day 1.Was the sodium hydroxide solution you used in the titration lab a strong or weak base? a concentrated or dilute base? Be prepared to explain. 2.In the first part of the lab, what was the standard solution? The analyte? In the second part of the lab, what was the standard solution? The analyte? Periods 3 and 8 2-29 day 5

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 7 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions  Recall that acid-base reactions can be thought of as a _______ - transfer process. Oxidation-Reduction reactions (or redox reactions) can be thought of as ________- transfer reactions Oxidation-Reduction and Half Reactions  During a redox reaction __________ are transferred from one element to another proton electron electrons

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 8 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions  Redox reactions are often split into half reactions to clearly represent which element _______________ and which element _______________. Example: Reaction = 2Mg (s) + O 2(g)  2MgO (s) Half reactions = 2Mg  2Mg +2 + 4e - O 2 + 4e -  2O -2 loses electrons gains electrons

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 9 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Example: Reaction = 2Mg (s) + O 2(g)  2MgO (s) Half reactions = 2Mg  2Mg +2 + 4e - O 2 + 4e -  2O -2 Adding half reactions = overall reaction: 2Mg + O 2 + 4e -  2Mg +2 + 2O -2 + 4e - SO 2Mg + O 2  2Mg +2 + 2O -2 OR 2Mg + O 2  2MgO

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 10 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Example: Reaction = 2Mg (s) + O 2(g)  2MgO (s) Half reactions = 2Mg  2Mg +2 + 4e - O 2 + 4e -  2O -2  The oxidation reaction is the half reaction that involves __________________ (in this case 2Mg  2Mg +2 + 4e - ) … magnesium is said to be oxidized and act as a reducing agent loss of electrons

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 11 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Example: Reaction = 2Mg (s) + O 2(g)  2MgO (s) Half reactions = 2Mg  2Mg +2 + 4e - O 2 + 4e -  2O -2  the reduction reaction is the half reaction that involves _________________ (in this case O 2 + 4e -  2O -2 ) … oxygen is said to be reduced and act as an oxidizing agent gain of electrons

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 12 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions  Additional Example: Zn (s) + CuSO 4(aq)  ZnSO 4(aq) + Cu (s) There are NO sulfate ions in the half reactions. WHY? Oxidation half reaction = Reduction half reaction = Zn  Zn +2 + 2e - Cu +2 + 2e -  Cu loss of electrons gain of electrons

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 13 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions  Additional Example: Zn (s) + CuSO 4(aq)  ZnSO 4(aq) + Cu (s) Reducing agent = Oxidizing agent = zinc copper

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 16 Question of the Day 1.Aqueous hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium to form aqueous magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas. a) Write a balanced chemical equation. b) oxidation half reaction = c) reduction half reaction = d) reducing agent = e) oxidizing agent = 3-1 day 6 2HCl (aq) + Mg (s)  MgCl 2(aq) + H 2(g) Mg (s)  Mg +2 (aq) + 2e - 2H +1 (aq) + 2e -  H 2(g) Magnesium Hydrogen ions

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 17 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.  oxidation number = the ______ an atom would have in a molecule (or ionic compound) if electrons were completely transferred  Assigning oxidation numbers: 1. Elements in their natural state (uncombined) = 0 (Al metal = 0, H 2 gas = 0, etc.) Oxidation-Reduction Reactions charge

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 18 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.  Assigning oxidation numbers: 1. Elements in their natural state (uncombined) = 0 (Al metal = 0, H 2 gas = 0, etc.) 2. Monatomic ions = their ______ (alkali metals = +1, halogens = -1, etc.) Oxidation-Reduction Reactions charge

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 19 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.  Assigning oxidation numbers: 2. Monatomic ions = their ______ (alkali metals = +1, halogens = -1, etc.) 3. In a neutral molecule, the _______ _____________________________. 4. For a polyatomic ion, the ________ _____________________________. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions charge sum of the oxidation #s must be zero sum of the oxidation #s is the net charge

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 20 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.  Assigning oxidation numbers: 4. For a polyatomic ion, the ________ _____________________________. *** There are some additional rules in your textbook that you may want to look over but will not be tested on. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions sum of the oxidation #s is the net charge

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 21 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.  Examples of assigning oxidation numbers: 1. Assign oxidation numbers to the elements in lithium oxide. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 22 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.  Examples of assigning oxidation numbers: 2. Assign oxidation numbers to each of the elements in nitric acid. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 23 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.  Examples of assigning oxidation numbers: 3. Assign oxidation numbers to each of the elements in ammonium sulfate. REVIEW FIGURE 4.11 on page 138 in your textbook!!! Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 24 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Assignment for Tomorrow #s 4.43 and 4.44 on page 160 ADD #s 4.45-4.49 All due as one assignment for period 1 Wednesday 3-2 for periods 3 and 8 Thursday 3-3

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 25 Question of the Day 1.Assign oxidation numbers to each element in the following compounds: a.CO 2 b.NaH 3-2 day 1 C = +4, O = -2 Na = +1, H = -1

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 26 Question of the Day 1.Aqueous hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium to form aqueous magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas. a) Write a balanced chemical equation. b) oxidation half reaction = c) reduction half reaction = d) reducing agent = e) oxidizing agent = period 8 3-2 day 1 2HCl (aq) + Mg (s)  MgCl 2(aq) + H 2(g) Mg (s)  Mg +2 (aq) + 2e - 2H +1 (aq) + 2e -  H 2(g) Magnesium Hydrogen ions

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 29 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/chemistry/ oxidation_numbers/quiz5772.html Show me summary screen – you may fix your mistakes! https://www.quia.com/pop/31191.html Show me summary screen.

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 30 3-3 day 2 Question of the Day 1.Hydrogen and oxygen react to form water. a) Write a balanced chemical equation. b) oxidation half reaction = c) reduction half reaction = d) reducing agent = e) oxidizing agent = 2H 2(g) + O 2(g)  2H 2 O (g) 2H 2  4H +1 + 4e - O 2 + 4e -  2O -2 Diatomic hydrogen Diatomic oxygen

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 31 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Combination (Synthesis) Reactions___________________________________ _____________________ A + B  AB A and B = __________________________________ AB = _____________________________________ Types of Redox Rxns (Basic Rxn Types) in which 2 or more substances combine to form a single product. elements or compounds compound

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 32 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.  COMBINATION REACTIONS ALWAYS HAVE ______________________________________ Types of Redox Rxns (Basic Rxn Types) a single product (must be a compound) Example # 1: 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(g) A B AB Example # 2: 2H 2 SO 3 (aq) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 SO 4 (aq) A B AB Example # 3: CaO(s) + SO 2 (g) CaSO 3 (s) A B AB

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 33 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Decomposition = ____________________________ into 2 or more simpler substances, usually require a steady addition of energy A and B = ___________________________________ AB = _______________________________________ Types of Redox Rxns (Basic Rxn Types) the breakdown of a compound elements or compounds compound

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 34 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.  DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS ALWAYS HAVE ___________________________________________ Types of Redox Rxns (Basic Rxn Types) a single reactant (must be a compound) Example: 2H 2 O(l) 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) AB A B electricity

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 35 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Combustion = a substance ____________________ ___________________________________________ _______________ (very often produces carbon dioxide and water vapor) Examples: Hydrogen gas: 2H 2(g) + O 2(g)  2H 2 O (g) Propane: C 3 H 8(g) + 5O 2(g)  3CO 2(g) + 4H 2 O (g) Types of Redox Rxns (Basic Rxn Types) reacts with oxygen, usually with the release of heat and light to produce a flame

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 36 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Displacement Reactions (Single Replacement reactions) = an ion (or atom) in a compound is ___________________________________________ Types of Redox Rxns (Basic Rxn Types) replaced by a similar ion (or atom) A + BX AX + B Y + BX BY + X

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 37 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. TYPES:  hydrogen displacement = ___________________ __________________________________ will displace the hydrogen in water AND many metals will displace the hydrogen in an acid Example: 2K + 2H 2 O  2KOH + H 2 Example: Mg + 2HCl  MgCl 2 + H 2 Types of Redox Rxns (Basic Rxn Types) an alkali metal and some alkaline earth metals (Ca, Sr, Ba)

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 38 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. TYPES:  metal displacement = a metal can replace another metal, if and only if, ___________________ ___________________________________________ activity series = a list of elements in order from ___________________________________________ ________ (a metal can replace any metal below it on an activity series) Types of Redox Rxns (Basic Rxn Types) the metal is more reactive than the metal it is replacing most reactive (at the top) to least reactive (reducing strength)

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 40 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Assignment for Tomorrow #s 4.52, 4.54, and 4.56 - due Monday 3-7 for period 8 - due Tuesday 3-8 for periods 1 and 3

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 41 What 3 BASIC reaction types have we covered so far? Briefly describe each. Question of the Day 3-4 day 3

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 43 YOU DO NOT HAVE TO WRITE THIS DOWN! 1.Get out the lab handout from Friday (What can you tell me?). 2.Get out your yellow cardstock solubility chart. 3.On the back of the solubility chart is an activity series. Compare it to yours. What is the discrepancy? Question of the Day Period 1 3-7 day 4

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 44 1.If you did not already hand in the handout from Friday, do so. 2.Solid aluminum reacts with aqueous cupric chloride in a single replacement reaction. a.Write a balanced chemical equation. b.Write oxidation and reduction half reactions. Question of the Day Periods 3 and 8 3-7 day 4

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 45 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. TYPES:  halogen displacement = the halogens are in a naturally occurring activity series on the periodic table and so fluorine can replace _______________ ___________________________________________ Example: Cl 2 + 2NaBr  ______________________ Types of Redox Rxns (Basic Rxn Types) Cl, Br, or I in a single replacement reaction 2NaCl + Br 2

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 46 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Double Displacements (Double Replacement reactions) = not usually redox reactions = ______ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Types of Redox Rxns (Basic Rxn Types) the ions of 2 compounds exchange places in aqueous solution to form 2 new compounds AX + BY AY + BX +-+-+ - + - A, B, X, and Y = ions

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 47 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Types of Redox Rxns (Basic Rxn Types)  double reps. can form precipitates  most acid-base reactions are double replacements

15.1 Water and Its Properties > 1 Question of the Day 1.Give an example of a substance that qualifies as an Arrhenius base, Bronsted- Lowry base, and Lewis.

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15.1 Water and Its Properties > 1 Question of the Day 1.Give an example of a substance that qualifies as an Arrhenius base, Bronsted- Lowry base, and Lewis.

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