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Lecture 11: The Luteal Phase of the Estrous and Menstrual Cycle

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Presentation on theme: "Lecture 11: The Luteal Phase of the Estrous and Menstrual Cycle"— Presentation transcript:

1 Lecture 11: The Luteal Phase of the Estrous and Menstrual Cycle
Animal Science 434 Lecture 11: The Luteal Phase of the Estrous and Menstrual Cycle

2 Ovulation Ovulation Luteal Phase Follicular Phase P4 Production
CL Formation (Metestrus) Follicular Phase Relative Progesterone Levels (Blood) P4 Production (Diestrus) Luteolysis

3 steroid synthesis progesterone collagenase theca interna

4 present 1-3 days following ovulation
blood vessels in follicle wall rupture walls collapse cells intermix old basement membrane becomes connective tissue of CL

5 increases in size papilla forms composed of cells from the granulosa and theca interna progesterone production increases a small cavity may be present where the folliclular antrum was present

6 Luteal Tissue Large cells from granulosa
Small cells from the theca interna

7

8 Mitochondria Secretory Granules - Oxytocin - Relaxin

9 Functional Capability of CL
the number of luteal cells large cells undergo hypertrophy (3 fold) small cells undergo hyperplasia (5 fold) vascularization of CL Initiated by angiogenic factors from follicle Vascularity effects CL steroid synthesis and delivery of hormones Insufficient CL function Failure to maintain pregnancy Important in domestic animals

10 Progesterone Targets Blocks Estrus Negative Feedback
Aveolar Development

11 Molecular Mechanism of LH on Luteal Cell (cAMP second messenger)
Progesterone LH G Receptor Plasma Membrane Adenylate Cyclase cAMP PKA ATP cAMP R S-ER Steroid Synthesis C (+ PO4) Mitochondria Pregnenolone Cholesterol Nucleus DNA Histones Cholesterol mRNA R-ER Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis (Enzymes)

12 Molecular Mechanism of LH on Luteal Cell (cAMP second messenger)
Chol LDL Progesterone LH G Receptor Plasma Membrane Adenylate Cyclase cAMP Chol LDL PKA ATP cAMP R S-ER Steroid Synthesis C Chol-Ester (+ PO4) LDL Mitochondria Chol Esterase Pregnenolone Cholesterol Cholesterol R-ER Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis (Enzymes)

13 Luteolysis Uterus PGF2a Oxytocin

14 Luteolysis in Cows, Ewes, Sows
Normal Uterus Total Hysterectomy CL CL Lifespan Longer CL Normal Lifespan Similar to Gestation Length Contralateral Hysterectomy Ipsilateral Hysterectomy CL Lifespan Longer CL Normal Lifespan >35 days

15 Luteolysis Uterus PGF2a Oxytocin

16 Prostaglandin F2a Control of Luteolysis
Uterine Horn Progesterone from CL stimulates production of uterine PGF2a after day 15 in cow Prostaglandin synthesis by uterine endometrium is released into the uterine vein. Corpus Luteum Oviduct Ovary Uterine Vein Ovarian Pedicle PGF PGF2a is picked up by ovarian artery through counter current exchange and delivered back to the ovary where it causes lysis of the CL PGF into Artery Uterine Artery

17 Contralateral Hysterectomy Ipsilateral Hysterectomy
Normal Uterus Total Hysterectomy CL CL Normal Lifespan CL Maintained Luteolysis Mare Contralateral Hysterectomy Ipsilateral Hysterectomy 50% of CL’s Maintained 50% of CL’s Maintained

18 Blood Supply to Uterus and Ovary in the Mare

19 PGF Not Effective (Sow)
PGF Not Effective (Cow, Ewe, Mare)

20 Luteolysis Uterus PGF2a Oxytocin

21

22

23 Relationship of Oxytocin and PGF2a
Posterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Oxytocin CL PGF2a Ovary Uterus

24 Luteolysis decreased blood flow cellular response Immune response
apoptosis progesterone synthesis Immune response Lymphocytes Macrophages

25 Molecular Mechanism of PGF (Ca2+ Second Messenger)
G-protein Plasma Membrane Receptor PIP2 PIP2 DAG IP3 PLC Protein Kinase C R R Ca2+ Cholesterol Ca2+ Endoplasmic Reticulum Apoptosis Progesterone Plasma Membrane

26 Luteolysis decreased blood flow cellular response Immune response
apoptosis progesterone synthesis Immune response Lymphocytes Macrophages

27 Menstrual Cycle

28 Anterior Pituitary Hormones
LH FSH Progesterone Ovarian Hormones Estradiol Ovulation Corpus Albicans Follicle Corpus Luteum Ovary Recruitment Recruitment Dominance Selection Uterine Endo- metrium 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 2

29 Luteolysis in the Primate
Does not require the uterus CL lifespan in the human is days unless pregnancy occurs In the absence of pregnancy, CL self destructs Possible intra-ovarian oxytocin receptors and PGF2a production Menstruation Drop in P4 and E2 Endometrial PGF2a, vasoconstriction, necrosis Endometrial inflammation and tissue degeneration

30 Manipulating Ovulation
Hormonal induction of ovulation PGF2a GnRH Progestins Superovulation FSH eCG

31 Principle of PGF2a Use Regress active corpus luteum
Only effective on a day CL Not effective on days: 1 - 4 (CL not responsive) (CL already regressed)

32 Induction of Ovulation with PGF2a
Progesterone Dominance Recruitment Selection Ovulation Follicular Size Ovulation 9 16 21 Day After Ovulation

33 Induction of Ovulation with PGF2a
Progesterone Follicular Size Ovulation 9 16 21 Day After Ovulation

34 Induction of Ovulation with PGF2a
Progesterone Follicular Size PGF2 Ovulation 9 16 21 Day After Ovulation

35 Induction of Ovulation with PGF2a
Progesterone Follicular Size PGF2 Ovulation 9 16 21 Day After Ovulation

36 Eliminate current follicular wave
Ovsynch GnRH PGF2 GnRH hours Timed AI 7 Days hours Eliminate current follicular wave Luteolysis Ovulates dominant follicle

37 Induction of Ovulation with PGF2a
Progesterone Dominance Recruitment Selection Ovulation Follicular Size Ovulation 9 16 21 Day After Ovulation

38 Induction of Ovulation with PGF2a
Progesterone Follicular Size GnRH Ovulation 9 16 21 Day After Ovulation

39 Induction of Ovulation with PGF2a
Progesterone Follicular Size GnRH Ovulation 9 16 21 Day After Ovulation

40 Induction of Ovulation with PGF2a
Progesterone PGF2a Follicular Size GnRH Ovulation 9 16 21 Day After Ovulation

41 Induction of Ovulation with PGF2a
AI Progesterone PGF2a Follicular Size GnRH GnRH Ovulation 9 16 21 Day After Ovulation

42 Eliminate current follicular wave
Ovsynch GnRH PGF2 GnRH hours Timed AI 7 Days hours Eliminate current follicular wave Luteolysis Ovulates dominant follicle

43 Use of Progestogens Principle:
Maintain the cow under the influence of progesterone until corpus luteum regresses, remove progesterone - animal respond to progesterone with estrus and ovulation 2-5 days later. Administration: Injection Feed Implant Pessary or Control Internal Drug Release (CIDR) This does not regress the CL!!!!

44 Progestens Effect on Ovulation
Progesterone From C.L. Ovulation Ovulation Estrus Estrus 17 21 Follicular Wave Follicular Wave Follicular Wave

45 Progestens Effect on Ovulation
Progesterone From C.L. Ovulation Ovulation Estrus Estrus Ov. 17 21 Follicular Wave Follicular Wave Follicular Wave Remove CIDR P4 from CIDR P4 from CL Estrus Estrus 17 21 Follicular Wave Follicular Wave Follicular Wave

46 Stimulating Follicular Development
eCG or FSH Multiple Ovulations Ovulation Estrus Estrus Progesterone From C.L. PGF2a 17 eCG or FSH Estrus Estrus First Follicular Wave 10-12

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