1. Advanced Higher Computing Computer Networking Topic 1: Network Protocols and Standards

2. Standards Standards are needed to guarantee interoperability of both hardware and software Standards can be established by agreement or imposed by a dominant manufacturer

3. Standards Organisations The International Standards Organisation (ISO) The Institute of Electronic Electrical Engineers (IEEE) The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

4. Advantages and Disadvantages Standards guarantee interoperability Standards are public Standards can impede development Standards can make security harder

5. Network Protocols Network protocols are layered such that each one relies on the protocols that underlie it Sometimes referred to as a protocol stack Figure 15.6 Layering of key network protocols

6. Open Systems Proprietary system A system that uses technologies kept private by a particular commercial vendor One system couldn‘t communicate with another, leading to the need for Interoperability The ability of software and hardware on multiple machines and from multiple commercial vendors to communicate Leading to Open systems Systems based on a common model of network architecture and a suite of protocols used in its implementation

7. Open Systems The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) established the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model Each layer deals with a particular aspect of network communication Figure 15.5 The layers of the OSI Reference Model

8. TCP/IP TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol TCP software breaks messages into packets, hands them off to the IP software for delivery, and then orders and reassembles the packets at their destination IP stands for Internet Protocol IP software deals with the routing of packets through the maze of interconnected networks to their final destination

9. TCP: A Connection Oriented protocol Responsible for: Initiating and terminating a connection between two hosts Providing a reliable delivery of data Flow control

10. IP: A Connectionless protocol Responsible for: Host to host addressing Packet forwarding Fragmentation and reassembly of packets if required Fault isolation and congestion control (ICMP)

11. TCP/IP (cont.) UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol –It is an alternative to TCP –The main difference is that TCP is highly reliable, at the cost of decreased performance, while UDP is less reliable, but generally faster

12. High-Level Protocols Other protocols build on the foundation established by the TCP/IP protocol suite –Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) –File Transfer Protocol (FTP) –Telnet –Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http)

13. The OSI Network model Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Layers are: Modular and Transparent

14. The Internet Architecture Model Application Transport Internet Network

15. Layers of the Network

16. Mapping TCP/IP to OSI ISO/OSI model Internet Architecture Model Protocols / Standards Application Layer Telnet, FTP, POP3, SMTP, DNS Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer TCP, UDP Network LayerInternet Layer IP, ICMP Data Link Network Layer SLIP, PPP, Ethernet, Token Ring (FDDI), ATM Physical Layer