1. Immigrants Arrive Essential Questions: What makes a culture unique? Link for Interactive Map

2. Vocabulary Census (Population) – An official count of the people living in an area Antebellum (Before Civil War) – Referring to the decades before the Civil War

3. Immigrants Arrive In the early years of statehood, Texas grew rapidly as settlers moved west to obtain land. From 1850 to 1860, the population of Texas tripled. According to the national census of 1850, nearly three out of every four households in Texas consisted of families from Southern United States..

4. Mexican Texans Mexicans living in disputed land areas were allowed to become U.S. citizens. Some Texas Mexicans were business owners and crafts workers. Most were ranchers and farmers. Many Mexican Texans faced hostility and discrimination because of the competition for land.

5. According to the 1850 census, Texas had a total population of 212,592 people. The majority of that population, over 154,000 Texans, were listed as white. Mexicans, like the vaqueros shown here, included both Tejano families that had long lived in Texas and more recent immigrants.

6. African Americans The majority of African Americans living in Texas were enslaved. Free African Americans were prohibited from settling in Texas. After Anglo Americans, African Americans were the largest group in Texas before the Civil War. Before the Civil War, some enslaved African Americans escaped and went to Mexico since slavery had been abolished there in 1829.

7. There were two populations of African Americans in Texas recorded in the 1850 census. Those who were enslaved numbered over 58,000. Only 397 African Americans were listed as free. How were free African Americans treated?

8. Native Americans Many Native American groups also continued to live in Texas. (Tiguas) The Lipan Apache left Texas for Mexico in 1842, but conducted destructive raids into Texas until the 1870s. The Alabama and Coushatta settled in the southeastern part of Texas and maintained good relations with Anglo Americans.

9. Native Americans were not officially identified in any U.S. census until 1860. As a result, few, if any, Native Americans were counted in the 1850 census. Large numbers of Native Americans had been driven out of Texas by 1850, including the Kickapoo. After taking part in the Córdova Rebellion, they were included in Lamar's campaign to push Native Americans out of Texas. By 1839 most Kickapoo had fled to Mexico. How were the Kickapoo treated differently than the Tigua?

10. Immigrants Arrive Thousands of Europeans immigrated to Texas to escape danger, hunger, or prejudice in their home countries. In 1845, a terrible famine occurred in Ireland, leading hundreds of thousands of people to leave their homes and immigrate to Texas and elsewhere in the United States.

11. Immigrants Arrive The earliest group of European immigrants was the Irish. Germans were the largest group to immigrate to Texas. Other groups included the Poles, Czechs, and Norwegians. Immigrants from Poland arrived in Texas in 1854 and founded the town of Panna Maria, considered to be the first Polish American community in the United States. In 1845, settlers from Norway founded a settlement in Texas called Normandy. Later its name was changed to Brownsboro.

12. European immigrants also constituted a significant portion of the foreign-born residents of Texas. The largest group came from Germany, numbering over 8,000. Irish immigrants, who numbered over 1,400, were the next largest group.

13. Immaculate Conception Catholic Church was built in Panna Maria in 1877 after lightning destroyed the original church built in 1855, a year after the town's founding. Panna Maria's first private school was built in 1868, and children were taught both English and Polish. Today the renovated school building serves as a museum. The land for Panna Maria was purchased from an Irishman named John Twohig. The church was built on a 25-acre (10.1 hectare) tract. Father Moczygemba allotted another 200 or more acres (about 81 hectares) for families to build their homes. Stone houses like this one were common for the citizens of Panna Maria. The memorial and bust mark the grave of Father Leopold Moczygemba outside the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church in Panna Maria, the town that he founded. POLISH What was unique about the town of Panna Maria?

14. As part of the effort to create a German presence in Texas, Nicolaus Zink established the community of New Braunfels, in 1845. The town was named after the German estate of Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels, the commissioner general of the Adelsverein. New Braunfels is still a growing commercial and tourist center today. Shortly after New Braunfels had taken root, another German community was established. It was named Fredericksburg, and like New Braunfels, prospered quickly. This Catholic church, Old St. Mary's, was built in 1863 to replace the original structure built in 1846. A new, larger church was built in 1908. GERMANS

15. Quiz D A 1. According to the national census of 1850, nearly three out of every four households in Texas consisted of families from _____. A. Germany B. Ireland C. Mexico D. Southern states 2. Many Mexican Texans faced hostility and discrimination because of the _____. A. competition for land B. homestead exemption C. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo D. 1850 census

16. Quiz A C 3. After Anglo Americans, _____ were the largest group in Texas before the Civil War. A. African Americans B. German Americans C. Mexican Americans D. Native Americans 4. Before the Civil War, some enslaved African Americans escaped and went to _____ since slavery had been abolished there in 1829. A. Germany B. Ireland C. Mexico D. Southern states

17. Quiz C A 5. The _____ left Texas for Mexico in 1842, but conducted destructive raids into Texas until the 1870s. A. Alabama and Coushatta B. Caddo C. Lipan Apache D. Tigua 6. The _____ settled in the southeastern part of Texas and maintained good relations with Anglo Americans. A. Alabama and Coushatta B. Caddo C. Comanche D. Kiowa

18. Quiz B A 7. In 1845, a terrible famine occurred in _____, leading hundreds of thousands of people to leave their homes and immigrate to Texas and elsewhere in the United States. A. France B. Ireland C. Italy D. Poland 8. The largest group of European immigrants to come to Texas was from _____. A. Germany B. Italy C. Ireland D. Norway

19. Quiz D D 9. Immigrants from Poland arrived in Texas in 1854 and founded the town of _____, considered to be the first Polish American community in the United States. A. New Braunfels B. New Ulm C. Normandy D. Panna Maria 10. In 1845, settlers from _____ founded a settlement in Texas called Normandy. Later its name was changed to Brownsboro. A. Germany B. Ireland C. Mexico D. Norway