1. Ch 8 KI 1: Where Are States Located?

2. During the Cold War, many countries were polarized into two regions (Soviets vs. US) With the end of the Cold War the global picture is changing dramatically. Some nations are globalizing by entering into economic and military treaties (NAFTA, European Union) Others are seeking local diversity as different cultures seek to control themselves and in some cases causing wars to do so

3. State-an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over internal and foreign affairs Sovereignty- means a state has independence from control of its internal affairs by other states

4. Development of the State Concept The concept of dividing the world into a collection of independent states is recent (city-states, empires, unorganized) Ancient States –Mesopotamia was located in present day Iraq in the Fertile Crescent –The first states to evolve were city- states that were made up of a town and the surrounding countryside –Outside the city walls were farms that supported the city, the city walls provided defenses against invaders –Occasionally city-states would conquer others and begin an Empire (Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians)

5. The Fertile Crescent Fig. 8-3: The Fertile Crescent was the site of early city-states and a succession of ancient empires.

6. Early European States –Political unity in the ancient world reached its height with the Roman Empire –At the peak of its power it governed 38 provinces with the exact same set of laws –The fall of the empire led to a large number of small estates controlled by various nobles who competed with one another –Much of Europe was very fragmented

7. Colonies –Are territories tied to a sovereign state that are not independent –European states came to control much of the world through Colonialism or effort to establish settlements and impose economic, military and political power over that territory –3 reasons to do so European missionaries establish colonies to promote Christianity Colonies provide resources for their economy Number of colonies is an indicator of power

8. –Begins in the 1400’s and changes to imperialism in the 1800’s –Imperialism is the control of a territory that is already occupied by an indigenous society –After WWII most colonies become independent though a few still exist in the Caribbean

9. Colonial Possessions, 1914 Fig. 8-4: By the outbreak of World War I, European states held colonies throughout the world, especially throughout Africa and in much of Asia.

10. Colonial Possessions, 2003 Fig. 8-5: Most of the remaining colonies are small islands in the Pacific or Caribbean.

11. Problems Defining States In some cases there are disagreements about the actual number of sovereign states Korea –Divided into North and South Korea after WWII –Both governments are committed to reuniting the country –Both governments want to be in charge of the unified Korea –The UN recognizes them as separate states

12. China and Taiwan –Civil war between Communists and Nationalists in 1940 –Communists win, Nationalists flee to the island of Taiwan –Most nations view Taiwan as its own country, while China refuses to do so

13. Antarctica is the only large landmass on Earth’s surface that is not part of a state –Several states claim portions of it U.S.A., Russia, and a number of small countries do not recognize the claims of any country to Antarctica Treaty of Antarctica provides legal framework for managing Antarctica

14. Antarctica: National Claims Fig. 8-2: Antarctica is the only large landmass that is not part of a state, but several countries claim portions of it.

15. Ch 8 KI 2: Why Do Boundaries Cause Problems?

16. States are separated by boundaries, or imaginary lines that mark the extent of a state’s territory They usually result from physical features (rivers, mountains) and cultural features (language, religion) Their locations commonly create conflicts

17. Shapes of States Shape controls the length of boundaries with other states (thus the possibility of conflict) Five basic shapes –Compact States: distance from the center to the borders does not vary much, beneficial for small states because it improves communication (Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda) –Prorupted States: an otherwise compacted state with a large projected extension (usually for a resource such as water) or to split two states that might have a boundary (British in Afghanistan)

18. –Elongated States: have a long narrow shape and might have communication problems (Chile and Italy) –Fragmented States: have several discontinuous pieces of territory and can lead to conflict (Indonesia, US-Alaska) –Perforated States: a state that completely surrounds another (South Africa- Lesotho)

19. Landlocked states: lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is surrounded by other nations –Mostly in Africa due to colonization –Severely limits international trade

20. African States Fig. 8-6: Southern, central, and eastern Africa include states that are compact, elongated, prorupted, fragmented, and perforated.

21. India: The Tin Bigha Corridor Fig. 8-7: The Tin Bigha corridor fragmented two sections of the country of Bangladesh. When it was leased to Bangladesh, a section of India was fragmented.

22. Types of Boundaries Today boundaries separate states, historically they were separated by frontiers Frontier: a zone where no state exercises political control Frontiers are either uninhabited or sparsely settled by isolated pioneers living outside society (Antarctica, Arabian peninsula) Two types of boundaries; physical and cultural –Physical boundaries: water, mountains, desert –Cultural boundaries: geometric (straight line), religious (India, Ireland), and language (East Europe)

23. Frontiers in the Arabian Peninsula Fig. 8-8: Several states in the Arabian Peninsula are separated by frontiers rather than precise boundaries.

24. Boundaries Inside States Nations sometimes organize local governments within their borders Sometimes they are drawn to separate ethnicities or nationalities Unitary States: most power is held by a strong central government (Kenya, Rwanda). –Good in states with few ethnicities Federal States: central government shares power with units of local government (US, Russia, China). –Allows much more flexibility and responsiveness

25. Currently there is a strong global trend towards federal government –France is moving away from a unitary government –Poland switched to a new federal government with the fall of communism

26. In the United States the drawing of political boundaries is very important –Every 10 years the voting boundaries for the House of Representatives is redrawn by the dominant political party in each state –Political parties often resort to Gerrymandering or redrawing the boundaries for political advantage

27. –3 ways to Gerrymander “Stacked vote”: linking distant areas of like- minded voters into odd boundaries “Excess vote”: places a large number of opposition into one district, hoping to win all other districts “wasted vote”: spreads opposition voters across many districts, but in the minority –Supreme Court declared gerrymandering illegal in 1985, but this ruling has been ignored

28. Gerrymandering: Florida and Georgia Fig. 8-11: State legislature boundaries were drawn to maximize the number of legislators for Republicans in Florida and Democrats in Georgia.

29. Ch 8 KI 3: Why Do States Cooperate With Each Other?

30. While many groups seek their own states, this often leads to a large number of small states. –For protection and competition in the global economy, states often seek help…

31. Political and Military Cooperation During the Cold War, most states joined the United Nations and other defensive alliances The United Nations –Founded in 1945 after WWII, began with 49 states and has grown to 191 by 2003 –UN members can vote to establish peacekeeping forces and request states to contribute military forces

32. –The Security Council has final say in military matters (US, Russia, France, Britain, China), and can be derailed when any of these members vetoes a resolution

33. –The reliance on countries to donate troops has led it to be ineffective when keeping peace (Rwanda, Serbia) –It is important because it provides a forum for countries to settle differences and does provide humanitarian aid

34. Regional Alliances –In addition to joining the UN, many countries were tied to one of the superpowers –Some joined the Soviets in the Warsaw Pact, others joined the US in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

35. –With both sides in possession of powerful militaries and nuclear arsenals we saw small scale wars, but fear of mutual destruction prevented escalation of these wars to a global scale –With the end of the Cold War, the Warsaw Pact was dissolved. –NATO still exists and added some old Warsaw Pact nations, though they have reduced troop levels

36. Economic Cooperation Rather than the two superpowers of the Cold War, the focus has shifted from military power to economic power In order to compete with the United States, European countries formed the European Union (EU) –Formed to promote economic cooperation between members –Has removed most barriers to free trade, adopted a uniform currency and eliminates most differences in prices, interest rates and other policies within member nations

37. –People can travel freely between these countries and can even open bank accounts in other countries –This has turned Western Europe into the wealthiest market in the world –The EU allowed 8 former Communist countries

38. The European Union and NATO Fig. 8-12: NATO and the European Union have expanded and accepted new members as the Warsaw Pact and COMECON have disintegrated.

39. Chapter 8.4: Why Has Terrorism Increased?

40. Terrorism is the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands. –Include bombings, kidnappings, hostage taking, etc. It is distinguished by its targeting of civilians on purpose (rather than accidental killing in war). Deciding who is a terrorist is difficult as that group might view its actions as a legitimate reaction to a governments actions (Palestinians, Chechens, IRA)

41. Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations Numerous terrorist attacks have been committed against the US in the past 20 years –1988: Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie Scotland (270 dead) –1993: Truck bomb in basement of World Trade Center (killed 6, wounded 1000) –1995: Truck bombing the federal building in Oklahoma (168 dead) –2001: 9-11 (3000 dead)

42. American Terrorists –Theodore Kaczynski: the Unabomber, sends mail bombs to professors and businessmen, kills 3 –Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols: attack the Federal building in Oklahoma

43. Al-Qaeda (the base) –Founded by Osama Bin Laden around 1990 –United jihad fighters in Afghanistan –Resented the stationing of US troops in the “holy land” of Saudi Arabia –Responsible for many of the attacks on the US in the 1990’s –Estimated membership between 3,000 and 35,000 in 2001, very hard to tell –Has led to very serious security concerns in the United States and created problems for Muslims in the United States

44. State Support of Terrorism Some nations support terrorist groups in one of three ways –Providing sanctuary for wanted terrorists –Supplying weapons, money and intelligence –Planning attacks using terrorists

45. Following September 11, the US has accused Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran of supporting terrorist groups States that have sponsored terrorism –Libya Led by Col. Muammar Qaddafi Sponsors terrorist attacks on Berlin nightclub and blow up airliner over Scotland (Pan Am 103) After 8 years of UN economic sanctions they turn over terrorist suspects

46. –Afghanistan Soviets invade in 1979, US trains and funds Afghans to fight After Soviet withdraw in 1989 a civil war breaks out and ultimately the Taliban wins Taliban allows Al- Qaeda training bases and supports the group US invades in late 2001

47. –Iran Has often fought with its neighbor Iraq Has a large Shia majority that wishes to support the Shiites in Iraq US suspects that they are responsible for funding insurgents in Iraq, providing weapons and making bombs for these groups Has also restarted its nuclear development program and has been referred to the UN Security Council for violations of nuclear proliferation treaties

48. Ethnic Groups in Southwest Asia Fig. 8-14: Ethnic boundaries do not match country boundaries, especially in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.