1. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Staged commissioning plan for protons Hardware commissioning Machine checkout Beam commissioning 43 bunch operation ? 75ns ops 25ns ops I Install Phase II and MKB 25ns ops II Stage I IIIII No beamBeam IV I.Pilot physics run First collisions First collisions 43 bunches, no crossing angle, no squeeze, moderate intensities 43 bunches, no crossing angle, no squeeze, moderate intensities Push performance (156 bunches, partial squeeze in 1 and 5, push intensity) Push performance (156 bunches, partial squeeze in 1 and 5, push intensity) Performance limit 10 32 cm -2 s -1 (limited by event pileup) Performance limit 10 32 cm -2 s -1 (limited by event pileup) II.75ns operation Establish multi-bunch operation, moderate intensities Establish multi-bunch operation, moderate intensities Relaxed machine parameters (squeeze and crossing angle) Relaxed machine parameters (squeeze and crossing angle) Push squeeze and crossing angle Push squeeze and crossing angle Performance limit 10 33 cm -2 s -1 (limited by event pileup and  * ) Performance limit 10 33 cm -2 s -1 (limited by event pileup and  * ) III.25ns operation I Nominal crossing angle Nominal crossing angle Push squeeze Push squeeze Increase intensity to 50% nominal Increase intensity to 50% nominal Performance limit 2 10 33 cm -2 s -1 (limited by  *) Performance limit 2 10 33 cm -2 s -1 (limited by  *) IV.25ns operation II Push towards nominal performance Push towards nominal performance Beam Strategy needed for ion runs Strategy needed for TOTEM runs Need to revisit 75ns operation

2. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Stage I commissioning steps and beams 1InjectionPilot 5 to 10 10 9 2 First turn Pilot 3 Circulating beam, RF capture Pilot 4 450 GeV: initial commissioning Single Intermediate 3 to 4 10 10 5 450 GeV: detailed measurements Single Intermediate 6 450 GeV: 2 beams Single Intermediate 7 Nominal cycle Pilot 8 Snapback – single beam Pilot ++ 1 to 2 10 10 9 Ramp – single beam Pilot ++ 10 Single beam to physics energy Pilot ++ 11 Two beams to physics energy Pilot ++ 12Physics 1 on 1 … 43 on 43 1 to 4 10 10 13 Commission squeeze Pilot ++ 14 Physics partially squeezed 43 on 43 1 to 4 10 10 ↓ ? Is this OK ? ↓

3. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 The minimum workable LHC – 3 sessions What does this approach imply for the various accelerator systems ? 1. Plans and requirements for beam commissioning 2. Machine protection and collimation 3. Providers’ comments BRUGGER, Markus

4. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Electrical circuits in Design Report Several hundred (1612) power circuits

5. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Electrical circuits required Obviously need all main dipole and quadrupole circuits in arcs, DS, LSS Obviously need all main dipole and quadrupole circuits in arcs, DS, LSS Spectrometer magnets and compensators needed for physics Spectrometer magnets and compensators needed for physics RF (2 modules of 4 cavities of 2MV per ring) RF (2 modules of 4 cavities of 2MV per ring) Could use less for reduced intensities, but would be wise to maximise longitudinal acceptance at start (energy errors) Recommend to make all available Corrector circuits Corrector circuits 23 regular cells in each arc (and more besides)

6. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Corrector circuits required to meet beam specs Stage I: Stage I: Circuits mandatory for day 1: Circuits mandatory for day 1: All orbit correctors All orbit correctors Quadrupole circuits MQT, MQTL, MQS for correction of tune, coupling, insertion optics Quadrupole circuits MQT, MQTL, MQS for correction of tune, coupling, insertion optics Sextupole circuits MS, MCS for correction of natural chromaticity and b 3 Sextupole circuits MS, MCS for correction of natural chromaticity and b 3 Circuits required later, but still in Stage I Circuits required later, but still in Stage I Octupole circuits MO, MCO Octupole circuits MO, MCO Decapole circuits MCDO Decapole circuits MCDO MQSX for correction of coupling from solenoid in IP5 (CMS) MQSX for correction of coupling from solenoid in IP5 (CMS) MCSX for correction of b 3 from vertical crossing in IP2 MCSX for correction of b 3 from vertical crossing in IP2 Circuits not required Circuits not required Skew sextupoles MSS Skew sextupoles MSS Nonlinear correctors in the triplet quadrupoles until  * < 1m Nonlinear correctors in the triplet quadrupoles until  * < 1m Stages II and III: Stages II and III: Put in operation all the circuits still missing Put in operation all the circuits still missing Conclusion; need nearly all early on, so better commission everything

7. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Beam measurements in Design Report CHAPTER 13 BEAM INSTRUMENTATION 13.1 BEAM POSITION MEASUREMENT (~1000, 13 types) 13.2 BEAM CURRENT TRANSFORMERS (DC and fast) 13.3 BEAM LOSS SYSTEM (1000s, 4 types) 13.4 TRANSVERSE PROFILE MEASUREMENT (4 modes, few types) 13.5 LONGITUDINAL PROFILE MEASUREMENT 13.6 LUMINOSITY MONITORS at each IP 13.7 TUNE, CHROMATICITY, AND BETATRON COUPLING 13.8 APERTURE AND NON-LINEAR MEASUREMENTS 13.9 OTHER BASELINE INSTRUMENTS / SYSTEMS 13.10 NON-BASELINE, STAGED OR PROPOSED INSTRUMENTS

8. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 for injection, ramp, and/or squeeze… Tolerance Expected error Tolerance orbit change 1  →0.3  m) ~6 beta beat 21% 1 – 20 coupling  0.01→0.001 20 - 200 tune change 0.015→0.003/0.001 ~300 chromaticity Q’ 5±5→2±1~300 2 nd order Q’’ 1000/2000~25 energy 10 -4 ~10 … measurement and correction are mandatory! Expected errors & correction goals

9. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 stage Iastage Ibstage IIstage III BPMs orbit, position of 1 bunch turn by turn + position bunch by bunch & turn by turn BPM sum 1 st turn+ injection matching monitors abort gap wire scanner screens BCTs, fast BCTs longitudinal profile + bunch by bunch current synchrotron light + bunch by bunch beam size average beam size IPM average beam size BBQ average tune+ tune of selected bunch Q’,  average Q’  ? radial steering HT, PLL, BBQ-HT? luminosity average lumi+ bunch by bunch lumi BLM e- cloud +  matching if it turns out to be necessary on user request + timing synchronization

10. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Feedback systems Needed to stabilise key beam parameters Needed to stabilise key beam parameters Do we need them early on ? Do we need them early on ? Chromaticity is most critical Chromaticity is most critical Tune less critical but tracking needed for Q’ Tune less critical but tracking needed for Q’ Coupling has to be well under control Coupling has to be well under control Orbit feedback most advanced (Collimation & MP) Orbit feedback most advanced (Collimation & MP) Orbit control now needed in all the ring, not just locally Orbit control now needed in all the ring, not just locally

11. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Proposal for feedbacks

12. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Applications required to exploit all this Core functionality required for 1 Power Convertor or all of them Core functionality required for 1 Power Convertor or all of them Core settings management Core settings management Injection, ramp, squeeze etc Injection, ramp, squeeze etc Momentum, Tune, Chromaticity, Orbit Momentum, Tune, Chromaticity, Orbit Knobs, Bumps, Angles, Knobs, Bumps, Angles, Magnet strengths, Multipole Errors, Decay, Snapback.. Magnet strengths, Multipole Errors, Decay, Snapback.. Power Converters, RF, Kickers, Collimators, TDI Power Converters, RF, Kickers, Collimators, TDI Feed forward & feedback Feed forward & feedback Core should also supply: Core should also supply: Equipment Expert Settings Management Equipment Expert Settings Management Equipment State management Equipment State management Equipment Monitoring Equipment Monitoring Standard Equipment/Instrumentation Access Standard Equipment/Instrumentation Access Settings Generation Settings Generation Archive/Reload/Rollback/Copy Archive/Reload/Rollback/Copy Optics Optics Machine Mode & Run configuration Machine Mode & Run configuration Database Configuration Database Configuration Measurement archive etc. Measurement archive etc. Common functionality across all equipment and instrumentation classes Full integration of trim/measure functionality

13. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Equipment and services needed (no priority !) INJECTION KICKERS XXXXXX BEAM DUMP XXXXXX POWER CONVERTERS XXXX COLLIMATORSXXXXX RFXXXXX LFBXXXXX TFBXXXX MAGNETSXX MKQAXXXX WARM MAGNETS XXXX RADIATION MONITORS XX SPECTROMETERSXXX ApplicationXPOCAnalog Acquisition Alarms Software Interlocks Critical Settings Post Mortem Timing

14. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Instrumentation and services, priorities BPMs XXX1 BLMs XXXX1 BCT X1 BTV XXXX1 Rest Gas XXXX3 Sync. Rad XXXX1 Wire Scanners XXX2 Luminosity X1 Tune etc. XXXX1 AGM X2 Schottky X2 Wall Current X2 BST 1 Concentration Settings PriorityCritical Settings LoggingPost Mortem SW Interlocks State GUI

15. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Measure  Correct, priorities TrajectoryThreading1 Linear optics, polarities etc. 1 Injection point steering 1 Momentum1 Momentum offset [sector to sector] 1 First N turns - closure 1 Sum signal 1 Orbit Closed Orbit Correction 1 Dispersion1 Sliding Bumps 1 Crossing, separation, spectrometers 1 1000+ turns Phase advance, Beta Beating 1 Tune1 Beam response after kick 2 Off momentum beating 2 Tune Q-kicker, damper 1 Tune - PLL Damper, ticklers 1 Head-Tail Chromaticity Q-Kicker2 Dynamic Aperture Kick2Aperture Bumps, lifetime, BLMs 1 Matching with screens BTVs, quads 1 Tune scans Lifetime, beam size 2 Field error feed downlocal orbit bumps1 Emittance WS or SR 1 Collimator positioning with respect to beam Closed orbit, BLMs, Collimators 1Staged Luminosity scans BPMs, Luminosity, bumps 1 Key applications: Tune and Orbit Complex measure/trim procedures Scans

16. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 The LHC will reach the nominal performances after several years of operation. During the first years, the machine performances will be limited and we will deal only with static vacuum (no stimulated desorption). Phase I Phase II and III Nominal Number of months of operation 477 Number of days of operation 100 175 175175 Number of bunches 1 / 43 / 156 936 / 2808 2808 Intensity (protons/bunch) 10 10 to 9 10 10 4 10 10 to 9 10 10 1.1 10 11 Current (protons) 10 10 to 1.4 10 13 3.7 10 13 to 9.8 10 13 3.2 10 14 Current (mA) 0.02 to 25 70 to 180 582 Estimated average current (mA) 8140582 We look at the performances of an unbaked vacuum system and at the consequences of the proton scattering by the residual gas. Vacuum conditions required

17. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 What if do not make bake out in the LSS ? After 3 months of pump down, the pressure is ~ 10 -8 Torr After 3 months of pump down, the pressure is ~ 10 -8 Torr Leaving the LSS unbaked is not a limiting factor for the life time for early protons (not sure for ions) Leaving the LSS unbaked is not a limiting factor for the life time for early protons (not sure for ions) There is no risk of a magnet quench in the LSS due to an unbaked vacuum chamber in its vicinity There is no risk of a magnet quench in the LSS due to an unbaked vacuum chamber in its vicinity The dissipated power in the cold mass is much less than the design value The dissipated power in the cold mass is much less than the design value Significant radiation dose could be delivered Significant radiation dose could be delivered20072008 I av, mA 8140 P av, Torr 10 -8 5 10 -9 dN/dx, p/m/s 8.7 10 2 7.6 10 3 dW/dx, mW/m 217 20072008 I av, mA 8140 P av, Torr 10 -8 5 10 -9 Gy/year15280

18. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Proposal for vacuum For many aspects of machine operation in Phase I, a bake out of the room temperature vacuum chambers is not needed For many aspects of machine operation in Phase I, a bake out of the room temperature vacuum chambers is not needed Not baking in IR3 and IR7 would have advantages for collimator installation, in case of late production of some elements Not baking in IR3 and IR7 would have advantages for collimator installation, in case of late production of some elements There are concerns for beam gas induced backgrounds in the experiments (nominal assumed), and approval would be needed There are concerns for beam gas induced backgrounds in the experiments (nominal assumed), and approval would be needed There are concerns also for RF equipment in IR4 There are concerns also for RF equipment in IR4 In the unbaked case, the limiting factor is the radiation dose. Monitoring in 2007. In the unbaked case, the limiting factor is the radiation dose. Monitoring in 2007. Back up possibility : Back up possibility : Bake out of the experiments Bake out of the experiments Installation of the permanent bake out Installation of the permanent bake out Bake out of the vacuum sectors when possible Bake out of the vacuum sectors when possible Completion of the bake out system by 2007/2008 in any case Completion of the bake out system by 2007/2008 in any case

19. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Radiation Zones at CERN - Update Radiation Zones at CERN - Update *preliminary

20. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 New procedures for controlled areas

21. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Implications on Different Stages Induced Radioactivity Induced Radioactivity Area Classification Area Classification Relaxed -> Stage 1 (most of the tunnel - supervised only?) Relaxed -> Stage 1 (most of the tunnel - supervised only?) Final -> Stage 2 and higher Final -> Stage 2 and higher Control of Material Control of Material Zonage is critical Zonage is critical Procedures are presently under discussion Procedures are presently under discussion Official reports are required Official reports are required Releases Releases Air Activation Air Activation IR7 modifications: full functionality not needed -> Stage 1/2 IR7 modifications: full functionality not needed -> Stage 1/2 fully functional-> Stage 2/3 and higher fully functional-> Stage 2/3 and higher Water Activation Water Activation Samples will have to be taken regularly Samples will have to be taken regularly !!! Preliminary Educated Guess !!! IR7: dose to critical Group: - no modification: ~ 50  Sv/year - no ducts in TZ: ~ 25  Sv/year - bypass duct: ~ 8  Sv/year -> Running at stage one and two is acceptable w/o full functionality of enclosure! (below 10  Sv/year) Implementation before Start-up!!!

22. R.Bailey, Chamonix XV, February 2006 Conclusions In view of the staged commissioning that is proposed In view of the staged commissioning that is proposed Need to revisit 75ns operation, and need a strategy for ion and TOTEM running. Ion running could provide cool down before a shutdown. Need to revisit 75ns operation, and need a strategy for ion and TOTEM running. Ion running could provide cool down before a shutdown. Nearly all electrical circuits will be needed early on, so all should be prepared for operation. Nearly all electrical circuits will be needed early on, so all should be prepared for operation. Beam measurements and associated instrumentation needed through the different stages are defined. Intensities need confirmation. Experience from other facilities shows that some redundancy could be very helpful. Beam measurements and associated instrumentation needed through the different stages are defined. Intensities need confirmation. Experience from other facilities shows that some redundancy could be very helpful. Feedback possibilities and priorities are known, and key systems should be foreseen for Stage I. Get coupling under control, then do Tune, Chromaticity, Orbit, Energy. Feedback possibilities and priorities are known, and key systems should be foreseen for Stage I. Get coupling under control, then do Tune, Chromaticity, Orbit, Energy. Applications software requirements, with priorities, for exploitation of the machine through the various stages are clear. Applications software requirements, with priorities, for exploitation of the machine through the various stages are clear. Bake out of certain sections of room temperature vacuum chambers could be delayed to 2007/2008. Consequences for experiments, RF, activity. Bake out of certain sections of room temperature vacuum chambers could be delayed to 2007/2008. Consequences for experiments, RF, activity. New radioprotection procedures are needed for LHC, but certain restrictions can be relaxed for Stage I. New radioprotection procedures are needed for LHC, but certain restrictions can be relaxed for Stage I.