1. Haema - Non Mal:1 Shashi: 03/00 Non Malignant WBC - Disorders

2. Haema - Non Mal:2 Shashi: 03/00 WBC Histogram:

3. Haema - Non Mal:3 Shashi: 03/00 WBC disorders: Quantitative disorders: “Penias” & “Philias” & Malignancies. Qualitative disorders - function disorders –Congenital Lazy leucocyte syndrome. Chronic granulomatous disease Pelger Huet, May Hegglin, Alder-Reilly Chediak-Higashi (penias with giant granules). –Acquired Steroids, aspirin, alcohol. diabetes, hypogammaglobulinemia

4. Haema - Non Mal:4 Shashi: 03/00 Leucocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes / Macrophages Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils N E B L M Band P

5. Haema - Non Mal:5 Shashi: 03/00 Neutrophils Count 2.5 - 7.5 x 10 9 /l Granular cytoplasm Transient stay in blood Major phagocytic role Bacterial killing 3-5 lobes of nucleus

6. Haema - Non Mal:6 Shashi: 03/00 Disorders of Neutrophil Neutrophilia Infection (Bacterial) Inflammatory conditions Neoplasia Metabolic conditions –Uraemia Haemorhage / haemolysis Corticosteroids Marrow infiltration Haematological malignancies Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia Myeloproliferative disorder CML MM M N Baso

7. Haema - Non Mal:7 Shashi: 03/00 Myeloid malignancies Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML M-3) Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

8. Haema - Non Mal:8 Shashi: 03/00 Disorders of Neutrophil Neutropenia Count < 1.5 x 10 9 /l Drugs Chemotherapy Viral infection Inherited disorders Morphological abnormalities Pelger-Huet anomaly May-Hegglin anomaly Chediak-Higashi syndrome

9. Haema - Non Mal:9 Shashi: 03/00 Neutrophilia Transiently with stress and exercise by a shift of neutrophils from the marginating pool to the circulating pool. –Infection –Toxins: metabolic (uremia), drugs, chemicals –Tissue destruction or necrosis: infarction, burns, neoplasia, etc –Hemorrhage, especially into a body cavity –Rapid hemolysis

10. Haema - Non Mal:10 Shashi: 03/00 Neutropenia –Aplastic anemia –Toxins that damage marrow –Infection Viral (Hep-B), Mycoplasma etc. –marrow infiltration by infections or carcinomas, Radiation therapy Chemotherapy –Hematologic malignancies such as leukemias –Myeloproliferative disorders –Congenital disorders –Increased neutrophil destruction as in Splenomegaly, Immune destruction

11. Haema - Non Mal:11 Shashi: 03/00 Lymphocytes Count varies with age 1.5 – 3.5 x10 9 /l The subset cells are –B-cells Antibody mediated immunity –T-cells Cell mediated immunity –NK cells

12. Haema - Non Mal:12 Shashi: 03/00 Disorders of lymphocytes Benign disorders Lymphocytosis Viral infections Bacterial infections Protozoal infections Lymphopenia Marrow failure (drugs, irradiation) Infections (viral infections) Immune-deficiency syndromes Antibody deficiency Cell mediated immune defiency Combined cell and antibody immune deficiency

13. Haema - Non Mal:13 Shashi: 03/00 Disorders of lymphocytes Benign disorders Infectious mononucleosis –Epstein-Barr virus infection Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

14. Haema - Non Mal:14 Shashi: 03/00 Disorders of Lymphocytes Malignant disorders Acute lymphoblastic (ALL) leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Lymphomas Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma Hodgkin’s disease ALL CLL

15. Haema - Non Mal:15 Shashi: 03/00 Lymphocytosis –Normally be observed in infants and young children. –Acute infections, including pertussis, typhoid, and paratyphoid –Infectious mononucleosis, with "atypical" lymphocytosis –Viral infections, including measles, mumps, adenovirus, enterovirus, and Coxsackie virus –Toxoplasmosis –HTLV I

16. Haema - Non Mal:16 Shashi: 03/00 Lymphopenia –Immunodeficiency syndromes, including congenital (DiGeorge syndrome, etc) and acquired (AIDS) conditions –Corticosteroid therapy –Neoplasia, including Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and advanced carcinomas –Radiation therapy –Chemotherapy

17. Haema - Non Mal:17 Shashi: 03/00 Monocytes Count is 0.2-0.8 x 10 9 /l Functions –Antigen presentation –Cytokine production –Phagocytosis

18. Haema - Non Mal:18 Shashi: 03/00 Disorders of Monocytes Monocytosis –Benign Chronic bacterial infection –Malignant Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukaemia CMML

19. Haema - Non Mal:19 Shashi: 03/00 Monocytosis –Infections: such as brucellosis, tuberculosis and rickettsia –Myeloproliferative disorders –Hodgkin's disease –Gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases and sprue

20. Haema - Non Mal:20 Shashi: 03/00 Eosinophils Count 0.2 – 0.8 x 10 9 /l Bilobed nucleus Phagocytic activity is low Modulation of hypersensitivity and allergic reactions

21. Haema - Non Mal:21 Shashi: 03/00 Disorders of Eosinophil Eosinophilia >0.8 x 10 9 /l –Allergic reactions –Parasitic infections –Malignancy HD, NHL –Inflammatory conditions –Myeloproliferative disorders –Hypereosinophilic syndrome

22. Haema - Non Mal:22 Shashi: 03/00 Eosinophilia –Allergic drug reactions –Parasitic infestations - with tissue invasion –Extrinsic asthma –Hay fever –Extrinsic allergic alveolitis ("farmer's lung" –Chronic infections –Hematologic malignancies: CML, Hodgkin's disease

23. Haema - Non Mal:23 Shashi: 03/00 Eosinopenia, Monocytopenia & Basopenia –Acute stress reactions with increased glucocorticoid and epinephrine secretion –Cushing's syndrome with corticosteroid therapy –Steroid therapy –Acute inflammation

24. Haema - Non Mal:24 Shashi: 03/00 Basophils Count 0.1 – 0.2 x 10 9 /l Bilobed nucleus Nucleus is hided behind the granules Inflammatory response Basophilia is seen in Myeloproliferative disorders (CML)