1. Using Fluorescence X-rays for Non-invasive Biopsy Team members: Savannah Gill Kelvin Lin Mike McHugh Trey Reece Derric Williams Advisors: Dr. Frank Carroll Dr. Ed Donnelly Mr. Robert Traeger Mr. Gary Shearer

2. Project Background Current Methods are Invasive Our Project Hopes To Rid Detection Process of Needles, Anesthetic, & Pain Reduce radiation dose to patient Rid of contrast agent Reduce Time & Complications http://healtgate.partners.org

3. Market Potential Conventional Methods Mammography High False Negative Rate Cheap, Simple, Ubiquitous MRI High False Positive Rate More Sensitive More Costly Safer Mammography X-Ray Image http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/genetics/sect2.htm

4. Objective Monochromatic X-rays Fire X-rays of only one energy (or wavelength) An alternative noninvasive method for biopsy Use SAXS emissions from elements in tissue

5. Project Description Small Angle X-ray Scattering

6. Project Description Task 1: Decrease the size of the x-ray

7. Task 2: Block off the extra x-ray Project Description

8. Task 3: Determine Material d R Project Description

9. Completed Work Radiation Safety Badge training Literature search Initial estimated photon scattering angle: 5°-15° Designed and created a double layer collimator Tested collimator Dec. Feb.Mar.Apr. Nov. Jan.

10. Current Status Jan. Feb. Mar.Apr.Nov.Dec. Built beam stop Developing better method for alignment of Kevex X-ray Collecting images of different material using Kevex x-ray Writing an algorithm to help determine the percent composition of the elements

11. Current Work: Collimator Modified Collimator Added Second 5-aperture panel of Pb/Al

12. Current Work: Beam Stop Circular in shape to block transmitted beam Comprised of lead Need a beam stop large enough to block beam, yet small enough to allow scattering to reach detector Work geometry to determine size

13. Apparatus Schematic X-Ray Collimator & Sample Translational Stage MAR 345 Detector 25.4 cm39.4 cm68.6 cm 14.2 cm

14. Geometry Collimator & Sample Translational Stage MAR 345 Detector

15. Geometry 5-15° ? Maximum = 111.8 cm Minimum = 39.4 cm Use geometry to predict radius of scattering

16. Radius of Scattering Maximum Distance = 111.8 cm 111.8*tan(5°) = 9.8 cm 111.8*tan(15°) = 30.0 cm 111.8*tan(10°) = 19.7 cm Minimum Distance = 39.4 cm 39.4 *tan(5°) = 3.4 cm 39.4 *tan(15°) = 10.6 cm 39.4 *tan(10°) = 6.9 cm

17. Beam Stop Construction Made 2 circular beam stops 5 cm diameter 7.5 cm diameter

18. Schematic Modifications Maximum detector distance unusable Detector radius only 17.1 cm Small angle scattering likely to go beyond detector Moved detector up 65 cm At 5°, scattering radius = 4.1 cm At 10°, scattering radius = 8.3 cm At 15°, scattering radius = 12.5 cm

19. Preliminary Results Stopped Beam No Sample 30 Second Exposure Very little scattered photons Beam Stop 17.1 cm

20. Preliminary Results (Cont’d) Cuvette Only Polystyrene 30 Second Exposure Slight Halo

21. Preliminary Results (Cont’d) Water in Cuvette 30 Second Exposure Many Scattered Photons No obvious rings or scattering pattern

22. Preliminary Results (Cont’d) Water Only (Cuvette Subtracted) 30 Second Exposure Lots of scattering

23. Scattered X-rays Incident Beam Pure Sample θ Scattered Xrays The angle of the scattered x-rays is a function of the Energy(keV) of the incident x-rays and the atomic characteristics of the sample. Where c is the speed of light, E is the energy of the photon, and q is the momentum transfer, f(n, Θ, λ)

24. Reducing Noise – Incident Beam Size Incident Beam Pure Sample Wide Ring Created Detector

25. Reducing Noise – Incident Beam Size Incident Beam Pure Sample Thin Ring Created Detector

26. Reducing Noise – Sample Thickness Pure Thick Sample Wide Ring Created Detector Incident Beam

27. Reducing Noise – Sample Thickness Thin Ring Created Detector Incident Beam Thinner Sample

28. Reducing Noise – Monochromatic Beam Thin Ring Created Detector Incident Beam Thin Sample Polychromatic

29. Reducing Noise – Monochromatic Beam Thin Ring Created Detector Incident Beam Thin Sample Monochromatic

30. Next Step Take x-ray image for different elements Find average intensity of each element Find ideal histogram for each substance. Compare samples of normal adipose tissue to cancerous tissue

31. This Week… Fire x-rays through several scenarios Using holes of size 0.2cm,0.4,0.6,0.8, and 1.0cm With the beam-stop at distances of 0.25m, 0.5m, 0.75m, 1.0m,1.25 and 1.5m.

32. Test Subjects Synthetic breast tissue Pure elements Crystalline substances Sample Frozen breast tissue Dead Mice Engineering Hamburger Anything we can get our hands on…

33. Dates to Come Determine ideal hole/beam stop combination Before March 1 st Construct more efficient hole/beam stop 1 Week after ideal combination is completed Test other materials (Water, plastic, copper) By march 15th Test tissue materials (Breast/Mouse samples) By the end of march

34. Questions?