1. The Axial Skeleton Eighty bones segregated into three regions  Skull  Vertebral column  Bony thorax

2. Bones of the Axial Skeleton Figure 7.1

3. The Skull The skull, the body’s most complex bony structure, is formed by the cranium and facial bones Cranium – protects the brain and is the site of attachment for head and neck muscles Facial bones  Supply the framework of the face, the sense organs, and the teeth  Provide openings for the passage of air and food  Anchor the facial muscles of expression

4. Anatomy of the Cranium Eight cranial bones – two parietal, two temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid Cranial bones are thin and remarkably strong for their weight

5. Frontal Bone Forms the anterior portion of the cranium Articulates posteriorly with the parietal bones via the coronal suture Major markings include the supraorbital margins, the anterior cranial fossa, and the frontal sinuses (internal and lateral to the glabella)

6. Frontal Bone Figure 7.2a

7. Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures Form most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull Figure 7.3a

8. Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures Four sutures mark the articulations of the parietal bones  Coronal suture – articulation between parietal bones and frontal bone anteriorly  Sagittal suture – where right and left parietal bones meet superiorly  Lambdoid suture – where parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly  Squamosal or squamous suture – where parietal and temporal bones meet

9. Occipital Bone and Its Major Markings Forms most of skull’s posterior wall and base Major markings include the posterior cranial fossa, foramen magnum, occipital condyles, and the hypoglossal canal Figure 7.2b

10. Temporal Bones Form the inferolateral aspects of the skull and parts of the cranial floor Divided into four major regions – squamous, tympanic, mastoid, and petrous Major markings include the zygomatic, styloid, and mastoid processes, and the mandibular and middle cranial fossae

11. Temporal Bones Major openings include the stylomastoid and jugular foramina, the external and internal auditory meatuses, and the carotid canal

12. Temporal Bones Figure 7.5

13. Sphenoid Bone Butterfly-shaped bone that spans the width of the middle cranial fossa Forms the central wedge that articulates with all other cranial bones Consists of a central body, greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes

14. Sphenoid Bone Major markings: the sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa, and the pterygoid processes Major openings include the foramina rotundum, ovale, and spinosum; the optic canals; and the superior orbital fissure

15. Sphenoid Bone Figure 7.6a

16. Sphenoid Bone Figure 7.6b

17. Ethmoid Bone Most deep of the skull bones; lies between the sphenoid and nasal bones Forms most of the bony area between the nasal cavity and the orbits Major markings include the cribriform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate, nasal conchae, and the ethmoid sinuses

18. Ethmoid Bone Figure 7.7

19. Wormian Bones Tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures

20. Facial Bones Fourteen bones of which only the mandible and vomer are unpaired The paired bones are the maxillae, zygomatics, nasals, lacrimals, palatines, and inferior conchae

21. Mandible and Its Markings The mandible (lower jawbone) is the largest, strongest bone of the face Its major markings include the coronoid process, mandibular condyle, the alveolar margin, and the mandibular and mental foramina

22. Mandible and Its Markings Figure 7.8a

23. Maxillary Bones Medially fused bones that make up the upper jaw and the central portion of the facial skeleton Facial keystone bones that articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible Their major markings include palatine, frontal, and zygomatic processes, the alveolar margins, inferior orbital fissure, and the maxillary sinuses

24. Maxillary Bone Figure 7.8b

25. Zygomatic Bones Irregularly shaped bones (cheekbones) that form the prominences of the cheeks and the inferolateral margins of the orbits

26. Other Facial Bones Nasal bones – thin medially fused bones that form the bridge of the nose Lacrimal bones – contribute to the medial walls of the orbit and contain a deep groove called the lacrimal fossa that houses the lacrimal sac Palatine bones – two bone plates that form portions of the hard palate, the posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity, and a small part of the orbits

27. Other Facial Bones Vomer – plow-shaped bone that forms part of the nasal septum Inferior nasal conchae – paired, curved bones in the nasal cavity that form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

28. Anterior Aspects of the Skull Figure 7.2a (a) Parietal bone Frontal squama of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible Infraorbital foramen Mental foramen Mandibular symphysis Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Inferior nasal concha Vomer bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone

29. Posterior Aspects of the Skull Figure 7.2b (b) Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Inferior nuchal line Occipital condyle Mastoid process Parietal bone Sagittal suture External occipital crest Sutural bone

30. External Lateral Aspects of the Skull Figure 7.3a (a) Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Alveolar margins Mandible Mental foramen Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Mandibular angleCoronoid process Zygomatic process Temporal bone

31. Midsagittal Lateral Aspects of the Skull Figure 7.3b (b) Parietal bone Coronal suture Frontal bone Frontal sinus Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Crista galli Nasal bone Sphenoid sinus Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Vomer bone Maxilla Mandible Alveolar margins Incisive fossa Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External occipital protuberance Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica of sphenoid bone Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Mandibular foramen Palatine bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Palatine process of maxilla

32. Inferior Portion of the Skull Figure 7.4a (a) Maxilla (palatine process) Hard palate Zygomatic bone Incisive fossa Medial palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Mandibular fossa Vomer Styloid process External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Pharyngeal tubercle of basioccipital Parietal bone Palatine bone (horizontal plate)

33. Inferior Portion of the Skull Figure 7.4b (b) (c) Frontal bone Olfactory foramina Lesser wing Sphenoid Anterior cranial fossa Hypophyseal fossa Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Internal acoustic meatus Posterior cranial fossa Parietal bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum Greater wing Cribriform plate Ethmoid bone Crista galli Optic canal Anterior clinoid process Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Foramen lacerum Tuberculum sellae Dorsum sellae Sella turcica Posterior clinoid process