1. 3 Earth’s Environmental Systems CHAPTER

2. The Gulf of Mexico’s Dead Zone Nutrient-rich runoff causes plankton blooms and hypoxia—low oxygen levels—in the Gulf of Mexico. Hypoxia kills or displaces marine organisms, causing a decline in the fisheries and the fishing industry. U.S. government and farmers debate the need to cut down on fertilizer use. Nutrient-rich runoff causes plankton blooms and hypoxia—low oxygen levels—in the Gulf of Mexico. Hypoxia kills or displaces marine organisms, causing a decline in the fisheries and the fishing industry. U.S. government and farmers debate the need to cut down on fertilizer use. Talk About It Do you think the distance between the source of the nitrogen and phosphorus and the dead zones themselves makes it difficult to manage this problem? Why or why not?

3. Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Water’s abundance is a primary reason there is life on Earth.

4. Atoms and Elements Atoms are the basic unit of matter. Nucleus: Contains protons and neutrons Electrons: Move around the nucleus An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances. Atoms are the basic unit of matter. Nucleus: Contains protons and neutrons Electrons: Move around the nucleus An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances. Did You Know? There are 92 elements that occur naturally, and scientists have created about 20 others in labs. Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment

5. Bonding Atoms combine by bondingAtoms combine by bonding: Covalent bonds: Electrons are shared. Ionic bonds: Electrons are transferred. Molecule: Two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds Compound: Substance composed of atoms of two or more different elements Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Covalent bonding Ionic bonding

6. Organic and Inorganic Compounds Organic compounds: Consist of covalently bonded carbon atoms and often include other elements, especially hydrogen Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds, such as petroleum, that contain only hydrogen and carbon Inorganic compounds: Lack carbon-to-carbon bonds Organic compounds: Consist of covalently bonded carbon atoms and often include other elements, especially hydrogen Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds, such as petroleum, that contain only hydrogen and carbon Inorganic compounds: Lack carbon-to-carbon bonds Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Organic compounds include natural gas, petroleum, coal, and gasoline.

7. Solutions A mixture is a combination of elements, molecules, or compounds that are not bonded chemically. Solutions are mixtures in which all ingredients are equally distributed. Mixtures can be solids, liquids, or gases. A mixture is a combination of elements, molecules, or compounds that are not bonded chemically. Solutions are mixtures in which all ingredients are equally distributed. Mixtures can be solids, liquids, or gases. Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Blood, sea water, plant sap, and metal alloys, such as brass, are all solutions.

8. Macromolecules Large organic compounds that are essential to life Proteins: Serve many functions; include enzymes Nucleic Acids: Direct protein production; include DNA and RNA Carbohydrates: Provide energy and structure; include sugars, starch, and cellulose Lipids: Not soluble in water; many functions; include fats, waxes, and hormones Large organic compounds that are essential to life Proteins: Serve many functions; include enzymes Nucleic Acids: Direct protein production; include DNA and RNA Carbohydrates: Provide energy and structure; include sugars, starch, and cellulose Lipids: Not soluble in water; many functions; include fats, waxes, and hormones Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment

9. Water Water is required by all living things for survival. Hydrogen bonding gives water many unique properties: Cohesion Resistance to temperature change Less dense when frozen Ability to dissolve many other molecules Water is required by all living things for survival. Hydrogen bonding gives water many unique properties: Cohesion Resistance to temperature change Less dense when frozen Ability to dissolve many other molecules Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment

10. Acids, Bases, and pH The separation of water molecules into ions causes solutions to be acidic, basic, or neutral. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is. pH of 7—Neutral: Equal concentrations of H + and OH - pH below 7—Acidic: Relatively high concentration of H + pH above 7—Basic: Relatively high concentration of OH - The separation of water molecules into ions causes solutions to be acidic, basic, or neutral. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is. pH of 7—Neutral: Equal concentrations of H + and OH - pH below 7—Acidic: Relatively high concentration of H + pH above 7—Basic: Relatively high concentration of OH - Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment

11. Lesson 3.2 Systems in Environmental Science Positive feedback loops can help erosion turn a fertile field to desert in just a few years. Dust storm, Stratford Texas, 1930s

12. Interacting Systems Lesson 3.2 Systems in Environmental Science Inputs into Earth’s interconnected systems include energy, information, and matter. Feedback loops regulate systems. Negative feedback loops: Result in stabilization of a system Positive feedback loops: Result in a system moving to an extreme Did You Know? Predator-prey cycles are negative feedback loops. If prey populations rise, predator populations can rise in response, causing prey populations to fall. Then predator populations may decline, allowing prey populations to rise again, and so on. Negative feedback loop

13. Spheres of Function Earth can be divided into spheres that are defined according to their location and function. Lesson 3.2 Systems in Environmental Science

14. The Geosphere Crust: Thin, cool, rocky outer “skin” Mantle: Very hot and mostly solid Core: Outer core is molten metal, inner core is solid metal Crust: Thin, cool, rocky outer “skin” Mantle: Very hot and mostly solid Core: Outer core is molten metal, inner core is solid metal Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Rocks and minerals on and below Earth’s surface: Rock formation, Ouray National Wildlife Refuge, Utah

15. Biosphere: The part of Earth in which living and nonliving things interact Atmosphere: Contains the gases that organisms need, such as oxygen; keeps Earth warm enough to support life Biosphere: The part of Earth in which living and nonliving things interact Atmosphere: Contains the gases that organisms need, such as oxygen; keeps Earth warm enough to support life The Biosphere and Atmosphere Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Earth’s atmosphere, seen from space

16. The Hydrosphere Consists of Earth’s water Most of Earth’s water (97.5%) is salt water. Only 0.5% of Earth’s water is unfrozen fresh water usable for drinking or irrigation. Earth’s available fresh water includes surface water and ground water. Consists of Earth’s water Most of Earth’s water (97.5%) is salt water. Only 0.5% of Earth’s water is unfrozen fresh water usable for drinking or irrigation. Earth’s available fresh water includes surface water and ground water. Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Did You Know? If it is depleted, groundwater can take hundreds or even thousands of years to recharge completely. Greenlaw Brook, Limestone, Maine

17. The Water Cycle Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres

18. Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles A carbon atom in your body today may have been part of a blade of grass last year, or a dinosaur bone millions of years ago. Fossilized bones in a Colorado dig.

19. What is a nutrient? What molecular nutrients are needed by all living things? What is a nutrient? What molecular nutrients are needed by all living things?

20. Biogeochemical Cycles In a self sustaining ecosystem - Nutrients cycle endlessly between living and nonliving realms of the environment

21. 4 Components of a self sustaining ecosystem Abiotic Factors sun, wind, water, minerals,light Biotic Factors living things, their products /wastes Energy flow begins with sun as primary source Nutrient cycles Abiotic Factors sun, wind, water, minerals,light Biotic Factors living things, their products /wastes Energy flow begins with sun as primary source Nutrient cycles

22. What is matter? Matter is made of atoms and has mass. Matter may be transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed.. Matter is made of atoms and has mass. Matter may be transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed.. Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles

23. What are nutrients? Matter that is required to support life. Macronutrients – required in large amounts. C, N, P, Ca Micronutrients – molybdenum, magnesium Small deficiencies in either is very harmful. Matter that is required to support life. Macronutrients – required in large amounts. C, N, P, Ca Micronutrients – molybdenum, magnesium Small deficiencies in either is very harmful. Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Did You Know? Organisms require several dozen nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon, to survive.

24. Nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter between the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere back into the production of living matter.

25. Nutrient Cycle = Biogeochemical Cycle BIO – Life GEO – EARTH CHEMICAL – MOLECULES These cycles rely on interactions between abiotic and biotic factors BIO – Life GEO – EARTH CHEMICAL – MOLECULES These cycles rely on interactions between abiotic and biotic factors

26. Carbon Cycle Basis of all the Organic molecules found in living things. These include: Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Basis of all the Organic molecules found in living things. These include: Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids

27. The Carbon Cycle Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles

28. Human Impacts on Carbon Cycle Burning of fossil fuels has released large amounts of stored carbon from the lithosphere into atmosphere Burning of rainforests to clear land for ranching/farming/other development also has increased the release of stored carbon to atmosphere Burning of fossil fuels has released large amounts of stored carbon from the lithosphere into atmosphere Burning of rainforests to clear land for ranching/farming/other development also has increased the release of stored carbon to atmosphere

29. Phosphorus Cycle Basis for phospholipid molecules needed to form cell membranes Needed to form the important biological molecules of ATP (E source), DNA, RNA, Proteins Basis for phospholipid molecules needed to form cell membranes Needed to form the important biological molecules of ATP (E source), DNA, RNA, Proteins

30. Human Impacts on Phosphorus Cycle Important component of fertilizer – must be mined Added to detergents to increase sudsing and released in wastewater Important component of fertilizer – must be mined Added to detergents to increase sudsing and released in wastewater

31. It is bound up in rock and thus often not easily dissolved by roots of plants making it a limiting factor to plant and algae growth. When added to a water body it can lead to eutrophication. It is bound up in rock and thus often not easily dissolved by roots of plants making it a limiting factor to plant and algae growth. When added to a water body it can lead to eutrophication.

32. As these producers die, bacteria and fungi act as decomposers a process which requires them to use dissolved oxygen. This reduces the amount of available oxygen to other organisms, a condition known as hypoxia

33. Large areas of hypoxia are known as dead zones. Ex. Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone Large areas of hypoxia are known as dead zones. Ex. Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone

34. The Phosphorus Cycle Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles

35. The Nitrogen Cycle Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles

36. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition.ecologistsprimary productiondecomposition

37. Nitrogen Cycle Process by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms. This transformation is carried out through both biological and physical processes.

38. Important transformations in Nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen Fixation, Ammonification, Nitrification, Denitrification. Nitrogen Fixation, Ammonification, Nitrification, Denitrification.

39. Nitrogen Fixation – Conversion of nitrogen gas into usable ammonia and nitrates by physical (lightning) or biological (Rhizobium bacteria) processes

40. Legumes- family of plants such as beans and clover that form a relationship with Rhizobium bacterial species. Bacteria form colonies in plant roots and the plant responds to the Infection by swelling. The swollen areas are called root nodules. This symbiotic relationship is mutualism as both species benefit. Bacteria obtain a safe place to live and a “free” meal as they absorbs nutrients stored in plant roots. Plant obtain fixed nitrogen through the action of the bacteria.

41. Ammonification – Nitrogen in organic waste products /detritus is converted to Ammonia(NH 3 ) by decomposers (specific bacteria and fungal species) (Think cat urine…) Ammonia buildup in soil is toxic to plants

42. Nitrification – Conversion of Ammonia(NH 3 ) to Nitrates – a 2 step process. Step 1: Ammonia to Nitrites NO 2 - by Nitrosomonas Step 2: Nitrites to Nitrates NO3- by Nitrobacter bacteria

43. Denitrification – Conversion of Nitrates NO 3 -to N 2 gas which is released to atmosphere. Carried out by denitrifying bacterial species Pseudomonas and Clostridium