1. Chapter 11 The English Reformation

2. Tudors Story Time

3. Remember, England had been through a long civil war prior to Henry VII’s succession to the throne

4. Henry had married Elizabeth of York to solidify his claim to the throne and unite the House of Lancaster and York But the War of the Roses remained in living memory. Henry VII would be called a usurper from time to time

5. Henry VII had two sons and two daughters who survived infancy His eldest son, Arthur, married Catherine of Aragon. Catherine was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

6. Arthur died 6 months after he had married Catherine, in 1502 Catherine had a rich dowry— England could not risk letting it go back to Spain

7. Later on, this would be a question of primary importance: Was the marriage of Catherine of Aragon and Arthur consummated? Catherine of Aragon always insisted that they had lived together as brother and sister because of their young ages (15 and 16)

8. Catherine remained in England, in limbo, for seven years after Arthur died. While living in England, she was impoverished and a pawn between England and Spain Henry VII dies in 1509, and his son takes the throne as Henry VIII Her father, Ferdinand of Aragon, insists that she marry the younger brother of Arthur, Prince Henry

9. Henry VIII marries Catherine, despite the doubts of Pope Julius II. He expressed concern that Catherine would now have been married to both brothers.

10. Initially, Catherine and Henry had a happy marriage They were both religious Henry VIII even wrote a book called The Defense of Seven Sacraments, winning him the name of “Defender of the Faith”

12. Catherine gave birth five times, but only one child, Mary, survived past infancy.

13. Henry began to feel that his marriage was cursed because of the lack of heirs. He sought an annulment from the Pope based on the fact that Catherine had been married to his brother.

14. The Pope should have granted Henry VIII the annulment because annulments for lesser reasons had occurred amongst European Royalty

15. Catherine objected to the divorce—and Charles V was her nephew, who supported her objection But the Pope did not want to displease the Emperor, Charles V

16. Henry took the bold move to separate from the Catholic Church He appointed Cardinal Wolsey to help him He asked (or forced) his followers to take an oath of supremacy The Act of Supremacy made the English King head of the Church of England. It was signed in 1534. Thomas More confronts Cardinal Wolsey

17. Sir Thomas More, a friend of Erasmus, was executed for refusing to sign the oath

18. Henry’s attitude became more extreme over time Originally, he did not intend to change the doctrines at all. He just wanted to be the head of the church and not subject to the Pope’s authority. Once the separation began, many reformers in England saw this as a welcome move

19. These reformers closely followed the development of Lutheranism on mainland Europe

20. Henry VIII confiscated monastic lands and church wealth as the English Reformation ensued The monasteries were dissolved. The land and wealth was passed out to Henry’s loyal followers

21. Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury (1533 - 1556) Made Henry’s marriage to Catherine void after the break from the church Leader of the English Reformation who was responsible for establishing the basic structures of the Church of England.

22. Thomas Cromwell Legal adviser to Cardinal Worsley Came up with the idea for Henry to break from the church to get his divorce Led in the dissolution of monasteries With Cranmer, translated the Bible to English

23. Church of England: Doctrine Several publications of “Articles” came out between 1534 to 1547 that outlined the doctrine of the church Overall, the Church of England held closely to Catholic Doctrine, including transubstantiation and celibate clergy Biggest breaks: Pope is not authority, dissolution of monasteries

24. Oh yeah… and Henry VIII was in love with Anne Boleyn—this gave him another excuse to pursue the separation from Rome

25. Anne would not become his mistress. She wanted to be Queen or nothing else Their courtship went on for almost seven years.

27. Henry marries Anne Boleyn in 1532

28. They have a daughter, Elizabeth, in 1533 Henry moves quickly to eliminate Anne when she gives birth to a still born son a year and a half later He accuses her of

29. Anne was executed at the Tower of London in 1536

31. She left the baby Elizabeth who will eventually become England’s greatest Queen

32. Henry goes on to have four more wives. His third wife, Jane Seymour will finally give him son. She will die ten days later

33. Henry will not be attracted to fourth wife, Anne of Cleves. They have an amicable divorce Thomas Cromwell was executed for “treason” and other things, but really it was for setting Henry up with Anne that got him on Henry’s bad side

34. Fifth wife Catherine Howard will be found guilty of adultery/treason She will be executed in 1542.

35. Six wife, Catherine Parr, survives Henry. She attempts to unite the three half siblings, Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward

36. Henry VIII does not show visible regret over his bringing about the English Reformation. His personal beliefs swayed between Catholicism and Protestantism. He died in 1547.

37. So, as we end this part of our story, we can recall the ditty: Henry VIII had six wives— Divorced, Beheaded, Died Divorced, Beheaded, Survived