1. Government by the States Chapter 5 Section 1

2. Early Government

3. The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation established “a firm league of friendship” among the States.** Powers Congress was given the power to declare war, deal with national finance issues, and settle disputes among the States. Obligations The States promised to obey Congress, and to respect the laws of the other States. Most other powers were retained by each State.

4. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation **

5. Opposition to the Articles Americans agreed that their new nation should be a democracy, a government by the people. Specifically, they desired a republic, a government run by the people through their elected representatives.** Economic Problems Huge amounts of debt were creating economic chaos** Concerns About Weak Government A group called the Nationalists wanted a strong national government.** They felt that a weak national government could not keep order. The Annapolis Convention In 1786, Nationalists held a conference in Annapolis, Maryland, to discuss economic problems. Although the conference itself accomplished little, delegates agreed to call another convention in Philadelphia in 1787.

6. Shay’s Rebellion In Mass, state legislators passed the heaviest tax ever to be paid in gold.** In Mass, state legislators passed the heaviest tax ever to be paid in gold.** Farmers complained that it reminded them of the heavy taxes forced on them by England Farmers complained that it reminded them of the heavy taxes forced on them by England Daniel Shays was facing jail for his debts. He led a rebellion that quickly spread** Daniel Shays was facing jail for his debts. He led a rebellion that quickly spread** Citizens drove off tax collectors and forced the courts to close after they rejected the farmer’s pleas for help.** Citizens drove off tax collectors and forced the courts to close after they rejected the farmer’s pleas for help.** Violence erupted & the national govt. could do nothing because of lack of money & power** Violence erupted & the national govt. could do nothing because of lack of money & power**

7. Effects of Shays’ Rebellion Congress had no money to raise an army to stop Shays’ Rebellion. It also could not force states to pay for one. Congress had no money to raise an army to stop Shays’ Rebellion. It also could not force states to pay for one. The Massachusetts state government raised an army that quieted the rebellion. The Massachusetts state government raised an army that quieted the rebellion. Shays’ Rebellion demonstrated to many Americans that a stronger national government was needed to avoid civil unrest.** Shays’ Rebellion demonstrated to many Americans that a stronger national government was needed to avoid civil unrest.**

8. The Constitutional Convention Chapter 5 Section 2

9. The Convention Assembles In May 1787, delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies met in Philadelphia to try to fix the problems of the new United States government.** In May 1787, delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies met in Philadelphia to try to fix the problems of the new United States government.** The meeting was the Constitutional Convention, produced the United States Constitution, the document that has governed the United States for over 200 years.** The meeting was the Constitutional Convention, produced the United States Constitution, the document that has governed the United States for over 200 years.** One influential delegate at the Constitutional Convention was James Madison of Virginia. One influential delegate at the Constitutional Convention was James Madison of Virginia. For his role, James Madison became known as “the Father of the Constitution.”** For his role, James Madison became known as “the Father of the Constitution.”**

10. Different Constitutional Plans The Virginia Plan Three branches of government** Three branches of government** Bicameral legislature Bicameral legislature “National Executive” and “National Judiciary” “National Executive” and “National Judiciary” Also could Veto any state law and could use force. Also could Veto any state law and could use force. Voting based on size and wealth of states. Voting based on size and wealth of states. The New Jersey Plan Unicameral Congress** Equal representation for States of different sizes** More than one federal executive

11. Constitutional Compromises The Great Compromise aka Connecticut Compromise The Great Compromise aka Connecticut Compromise Delegates agreed on a bicameral Congress, one segment with equal representation for States (The Senate), and the other with representation proportionate to the States’ populations (The House of Representatives)** Delegates agreed on a bicameral Congress, one segment with equal representation for States (The Senate), and the other with representation proportionate to the States’ populations (The House of Representatives)** The Three-Fifths Compromise The Three-Fifths Compromise The frames of the Constitution decided to count a slave as three-fifths of a person when determining the population of a State for representation.** The frames of the Constitution decided to count a slave as three-fifths of a person when determining the population of a State for representation.**

12. Government Structure Within the federal government, a separation of powers was created to prevent any one of the three branches of government from acquiring too much power.** The Constitution also set up a system of checks and balances, in which each branch has the power to check, or stop, the other branches in certain ways.** This system prevents the misuse of power by any one branch.**

13. Congress, the President, and the Federal Courts Congress** Congress** “Makes the law”** House of Representatives & The Senate** The President** The President** “Carries out the law”** “Carries out the law”** The President would be chosen by a group of electors from each state. The President would be chosen by a group of electors from each state. The Supreme Court** “Interpret the law”** “Interpret the law”** The Constitution calls for one Supreme Court and several lesser courts The Constitution calls for one Supreme Court and several lesser courts

14. Ratifying the Constitution Chapter 5 Section 3

15. The Federalist Papers For the Constitution to become law, 9 out of the 13 states had to ratify, or approve, it. ** Special conventions called in each state would decide whether or not to ratify the Constitution. Those who favored the Constitution were called Federalists. The Federalists included many Nationalists, such as George Washington, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, who favored a strong national government.** To make their case for the Constitution, the Federalists wrote a series of 85 essays, collectively known as The Federalist. **

16. Anti-Federalist View Those who opposed the Constitution were called anti- Federalists, they believed that the Federalists’ plan threatened state governments and the rights of individuals.** According to the anti-Federalists, a President would be too similar to a king.** Anti-Federalists also objected to the proposed federal court system While the Federalists feared the people more than government, the anti-Federalists feared government more than the people.**

17. Why Federalists Won 1. Articles had serious flaws 1. Articles had serious flaws 2. Federalists were united around a specific plan (Constitution) 2. Federalists were united around a specific plan (Constitution) 3. Federalists were well organized 3. Federalists were well organized 4. Federalists had George Washington 4. Federalists had George Washington 5. Federalists promised to provide a Bill of Rights

18. The Bill of Rights The voting was close in many states The voting was close in many states Many delegates in each state voted for ratification because a Bill of Rights was added to protect the people** Many delegates in each state voted for ratification because a Bill of Rights was added to protect the people** The 1 st 10 Amendments make up the Bill of Rights** The 1 st 10 Amendments make up the Bill of Rights** Thomas Jefferson insisted on a Bill of Rights** Thomas Jefferson insisted on a Bill of Rights**

19. The Bill of Rights 1. Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion and Petition 2. Right to keep and bear arms 3. Conditions for quarters of soldiers 4. Right of search and seizure regulated 5. Provisions concerning prosecution 6. Right to a speedy trial, witnesses, etc. 7. Right to a trial by jury 8. Excessive bail, cruel punishment 9. Rule of construction of Constitution 10. Rights of the States under Constitution