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3.1 Early Civilizations of India & Pakistan
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Indian Subcontinent What is a subcontinent? –Large landmass that extends outward from a continent Contains three of the world’s most populous countries –India, Pakistan, & Bangladesh
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Three Major Zones Gangetic Plain –South of the Himalayas –Fertile region (Indus, Ganges, & Brahmaputra Rivers)
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Three Major Zones Deccan Plateau –What is a plateau? Raised area of land –Extends into the Indian Ocean –Arid, agriculturally unproductive, and sparsely populated
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Three Major Zones Coastal Plains –Eastern & Western Ghats –Rivers & rain allow for farms –Sea for fishing & trade Pg. 69
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Monsoons Seasonal wind that regularly blows from a certain direction for part of the year October –Blows from northeast –Hot, dry air June –Blows from southwest –Picks up moisture over Indian Ocean & brings downpours
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Monsoons Pros –Water crops Cons –If late, famine & starvation –If too heavy, deadly floods
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Indus Civilization 2600 B.C. Lasted for 700 years No known kings, Queens, tax records, literature, or famous victories Rivaled Sumer
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Indus Civilization 1920 discovery of two cities –Harappa –Mohenjo-Daro
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Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro Known for well laid out plumbing & drainage system, including indoor toilets
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Indus Civilization Farmers –Wheat, barley, melons, & dates Weaved cotton fibers into cloth Traded with Sumer Civilization Unique writing system –Only part has been deciphered
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Religion Polytheistic –Believed in many gods Viewed animals as sacred –Buffalo & bull
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Indus Valley Decline 1900 B.C. Explanations for decline: –Invaders attacked –Damage to local environment –Major flood –Earthquake
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Aryan Civilization Between 2000 B.C. & 1500 B.C. Did not build cities & left behind little archeological evidence How do we know about them? –Vedas –Hymns, chants, ritual instructions, & other religious teachings –Vedas were not written down for thousands of years –1500 B.C. – 500 B.C. is known as the Vedic Age
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Aryan Civilization Warriors –Fought in chariots with bows & arrows Enjoyed food, drink, music, chariot races, & dice games Valued cattle –Measured wealth in cows & bulls
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Aryan Civilization Eventually settled into villages Tribes were lead by Rajahs (chiefs)
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Aryan Society Divided society into ranked groups based on occupation –Brahmins (priests) –Kshatriyas (warriors) –Vaisyas (herders, farmers, artisans, & merchants) –Sudras (servants) –Dalits (Outside of caste system)
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Aryan Religious Beliefs Polytheistic –Believed in many Gods Gods, goddesses, & animals Believed they could call on the gods for health, wealth & victory in war. Meditation & yoga A way to achieve direct contact with the divine
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Literature Sanskrit – language priests used to write sacred texts Maintained oral tradition through the memorization of vedas & epic poems. Mahabharata –Warfare & religion Ramayana –Teaches values & behavior
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