1. Simple Organic Chemistry
Basic Structure and Nomenclature
Graphic:

2. First Ten Alkanes Formula Name CH4 Methane C6H14 Hexane C2H6 Ethane
Heptane
C3H8
Propane
C8H18
Octane
C4H10
Butane
C9H20
Nonane
C5H12
Pentane
C10H22
Decane
Alkane = CnH2n+2

3. Straight Chain Alkanes aren’t “Straight”
C – C bonds are sp3 hybridized
Butane, C4H10

4. Structural Shorthand
Explicit hydrogens (those required to complete carbon’s valence) are usually left off of drawings of hydrocarbons C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4
Line intersections represent carbon atoms

5. Structural Isomers
Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula, but different organization of atoms (different bonding)
n-Pentane, C5H12
Isopentane, C5H12
Neopentane, C5H12

6. Newman Projections Rotation can occur around C – C single bonds
Ethane, C2H6

7. Newman Projections
Butane, C4H10

8. Cyclic Alkanes Cyclopropane, C3H6 Cyclobutane, C4H8
Cyclopentane, C5H10
Cyclohexane, C6H12
Cycloheptane, C7H14
Remember, explicit hydrogens are left out

9. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain
of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon 1 2 3 4
4 carbon chain = butane

10. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
When alkane groups appear as substituents, they
are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.
—CH3 Methyl
—CH2CH3 Ethyl
—CH2CH2CH3 Propyl
—CH2CH2CH2CH3 Butyl
Methyl

11. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
The positions of substituent groups are specified
by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms
sequentially, starting at the end closest to the
branching. 1 2 3 4
Methyl

12. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
The location and name of each substituent are
followed by the root alkane name. The substituents
are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any
prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to
indicate multiple identical substituents. 1 2 3 4
Name:
2-methylbutane
Methyl

13. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound 1
9 carbons = nonane 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 9
Step #1: For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon

14. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6
CH3 = methyl 7
chlorine = chloro 8 9
Step #2: When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.

15. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6
CH3 = methyl 7
chlorine = chloro 8 9 1 9
NOT 9 1
Step #3: The positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the branching.

16. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6
CH3 = methyl 7
chlorine = chloro 8 9
2-chloro-3,6-dimethylnonane
Step #4: The location and name of each substituent are followed by the root alkane name. The substituents are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to indicate multiple identical substituents.

17. Alkenes Contain Carbon-Carbon Double bonds
Ethene
1  bond

18. Alkynes Contain Carbon-Carbon Triple Bonds
Ethyne
1  bond
1  bond

19. Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
Hydrogenation
Propene
Propane
Halogenation
1-Pentene
1-2-dibromopentene
Polymerization
Small molecules are joined together to form a large molecule
Polyethylene

20. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons with
delocalized electrons
The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon is
benzene (C6H6)
OR…

21. Geometric Isomerism in Aromatics
ortho (o-) = two adjacent
substituents
o-dichlorobenzene
meta (m-) = one carbon between
substituents
m-dichlorobenzene
para (p-) = two carbons between
substituents
p-dichlorobenzene

22. Hydrocarbon Derivatives
Class
Functional Group
General Formula
Alcohol
hydroxyl group O — H
R – OH
Alkyl halide
— X
R — X
Ether
— O —
R — O — R’
Aldehyde
carbonyl group O ||
— C — H O
R — C — H
Ketone
— C —
R — C — R’
Carboxylic acid
carboxyl group O
— C — OH
Ester
— C — O—
R — C — O — R’
Amine
amine group |
—N— R’
R — N — R’’