1. Adaptations Non-Vascular Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Plants
Adaptations
Non-Vascular
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

2. Vessels
Most modern plants contain vessels to transport water up, and sugars down.
Phloem “flows” and xylem go the other way.
Vessels allow trees such as the Giant Sequoia to be over 100 ft tall and still get water from the soil.
Xylem
Phloem

3. Vessels
Rings and grains we see in cross-sections of wood are their vessels.
More xylem and phloem form as the tree grows and requires more transport.
Another ring of vessels is formed every year.
Mountain Mahogany Wood

4. Non-vascular Non- without Vascule- vessel
Plants that predate xylem and phloem have limited environmental options
Moist habitats
Near streams or rivers
Temperate or tropical rainforests
Close to low running water (short plants)

5. Non-vascular

6. Non-vascular First plants on land were non-vascular
Fossils identified as non-vascular plants appear in rocks from 440mya
No actual roots or stems, no vessels
Gametes are dispersed by water (no seeds)
Sperm literally swim in water droplets over to the female egg and fertilize to produce a new plant
In moderate to dry soils, non-vascular plants cannot absorb enough water to survive

7. Vascular
First vascular plants were club mosses that grew to tree-size.
Has roots, stems, and leaf-like structures
Still around today, but not so big

8. Vascular Vascular plants began to show great diversity.
Many primitive vascular plants are still around today.
With roots, stems, and leaves, they could live in many places non-vascular plants could not.

9. Vascular
According to fossil evidence, ferns showed up about 375 mya when club moss and horsetail were the dominant vascular plants.
These ferns were tree-sized, but soon began to diverge
Today they are more abundant than their primitive competitors.

10. Seeds Seed plants produce spores like non-seed plants
Males produce pollen grains that contain two sperm each
Female produce eggs contained within ovules
When the sperm reaches the egg, fertilization takes place and a plant is “born.”

11. Gymnosperm “naked seed” Seeds not protected by a fruit
Seeds often are on the scales of woody cones (conifers)
Male cones release pollen
Female cones have eggs

12. Gymnosperms Ginkgo males produce pollen
Ginkgo females make a fleshy seed coat that stinks when crushed
Very smog tolerant
Last surviving ginkgo- Gingko balboa

13. Gymnosperms Conifers- cone producing plants Typical gymnosperm
Sometimes known as evergreens because some are not deciduous
Often needle-like leaves
“pine” scent

14. Angiosperms “flowering plants”
Produce flowers AND form seeds enclosed in a fruit
Fruit helps aid in seed dispersal as animals feed on it.
Fruit is formed from the flower’s female reproductive structures.