1. The Brain

2. The Meninges (D.A.P.) Dura mater - outermost layer (tough mother) Arachnoid mater - no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web) Pia mater -inner membrane, contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish cells (tender mother)

3. The Meninges Figure 13.25a CSF = cerebrospinal fluid

4. Dura mater is being peeled away in this photo.

5. Subdural Hematoma

8. THE BRAIN ANATOMICAL REGIONS o Cerebrum o Cerebellum o Brain Stem

9. CEREBELLUM Balance and coordination Could be involved in motor skill learning

10. Cerebrum - wrinkly large part of the brain, largest area in humans, higher mental function

11. Brain Stem - regulates visceral functions (autonomic system)

13. Figure 13.4

14. 1. Cerebral Hemispheres - left and right side separated by the.... 2. Corpus Callosum -connects the two hemispheres -Some functions appear “lateralized” but the right- brain, left-brain hypothesis is mostly debunked

15. Corpus callosum

16. 3. Convolutions of the Brain - the wrinkles and grooves of the cerebrum Fissures = deep groove Sulcus = shallow groove Gyrus = bump / ridge

17. 4. Fissures – separate lobes Longitudinal fissure - separate right and left sides

18. Transverse Fissure - separates cerebrum from cerebellum

19. Lateral Fissure separates the temporal lobe from the Frontal and Parietal lobes

20. Lissencephaly Lack of gyri and sulci

21. Albert Einstein’s Brain

25. Lobes of the Brain (general functions) 5. Frontal – reasoning, thinking, language, conscious thought 6. Parietal – touch, pain, relation of body parts (somatosensory) 7. Temporal Lobe – hearing, smell 8. Occipital – vision

26. Figure 13.7a LOBES OF THE BRAIN (CEREBRUM) Sulcus = groove Gyrus = raised bump Fissure = deep groove

27. Cerebral Cortex - thin layer of gray matter that is the outermost portion of cerebrum (the part with all the wrinkles)

28. Functional and Structural Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Figure 13.11a

29. FUNCTIONAL REGIONS A. MOTOR AREAS B. SENSORY AREAS C. ASSOCIATION

30. Motor Areas Primary Motor Cortex i n Parietal Lobe controls voluntary movements also has Broca's Area (speech)

31. Sensory Area Primary Somatosensory Cortex in parietal lobe involved in feelings and sensations = vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste

32. Association Areas higher levels of thinking, interpreting and analyzing information

33. Four fluid filled cavities, contain CSF VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN

34. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - fluid that protects and supports brain

35. Intraventricular Hemmhorage A.k.a. “brain bleed” Baby is so premature that capillaries are too weak to hold blood, blood escapes and fills ventricles

36. Figure 13.4 BRAIN STEM

37. 2. Hypothalamus – hormonal regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, hunger. Connected to pituitary gland (Endocrine System) 3. Thalamus - relay station for sensory info 1. Diencephalon (Interbrain – top of brainstem ) consists of two main parts:

38. 4. Optic Tract / Chiasma - optic nerves cross over each other

39. BRAIN STEM Consists of three main parts: o PONS o MIDBRAIN (Mesencephalon) o MEDULLA OBLONGATA

40. 5. Midbrain (Mesencephalon) – visual reflexes, eye movements; motivation 6. Pons - relay sensory information; dreams 7. Medulla – heart, respiration, blood pressure Cerebellum - balance, coordination

42. Corpus callosum Thalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland

43. Midbrain Medulla Oblongata Pons

45. 9. HIPPOCAMPUS The hippocampus plays a major role in memories. Neurogenesis – development of new neurons

46. 10. The LIMBIC SYSTEM Major role in emotion and memory also includes olfactory lobes - memory, emotion, and smell are linked. Includes hippocampus, amygdala, mammilary body, and others

48. Spinal Cord passes down the vertebral canal, has 31 pairs of spinal nerves Cervical enlargement = supplies nerves to upper limbs (neck) Lumbar enlargement = supplies nerves to the lower limbs (lower back) FUNCTION: conducting nerve impulses, serves as a center for spinal reflexes

49. ASCENDING - impulses travel to the brain (sensory) DESCENDING - impulses travel to the muscles (motor)

50. Spinal reflexes - reflex arcs pass through the spinal cord