1. Water Distribution Systems Pressures Locating Reservoirs Location in Ground

2. Obj 3.16 Min and Max Pressures v minimum and maximum pressures are established for a water distribution system v minimum pressure is 350 kPa or about (50 psi) v maximum pressure is 760 kPa or about (110 psi)

3. Why a Max? To minimize damage to: v household piping v hot water tanks v faucets & tap washers v piping, valves, and hydrants A lot of water can be lost through leaks in system.

4. Why a Min? To ensure pressure is maintained: v during peak usage by consumers v for fire-fighting v for modern appliances (washers, dishwashers)

5. Obj 3.17: Reservoirs v provides water storage v creates pressure in system if elevated v provides extra water during peak demand v additional water for fire-fighting if needed

6. Types of Reservoirs v elevated storage v ground storage v below-grade storage

7. Locating Reservoirs v Locating storage in remote location causes large pressure differences

8. Locating Reservoirs v Locating storage in central location reduces pressure differences

9. Where do we put the pipes? v most of the pipelines are located within the public right-of-way v under our streets, sidewalks, etc. v this way we can have easy access to the pipes if anything needs repair or replacing v sometimes water mains must pass through private property

10. Obj 3.18: How Deep?? v below frost line to prevent freezing v above stormwater and sanitary sewers to avoid contamination water supply surface stormwater sanitary frost line