1. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 3: Accrual Accounting Cornerstones of Financial and Managerial Accounting, 2e

2. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Learning Objectives 1.Explain the difference between cash-basis and accrual-basis accounting. 2.Explain how the time-period assumption, revenue recognition, and matching principles affect the determination of income. 3.Identify the kinds of transactions that may require adjustments at the end of an accounting period. 4.Prepare adjusting entries for accruals and deferrals. 5.Prepare financial statements from an adjusted trial balance. 6.Explain why and how companies prepare closing entries. 7.Understand the steps in the accounting cycle.

3. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Completing the Accounting Cycle ► Completing the accounting cycle requires preparation of adjusting journal entries, financial statements from the adjusted accounts, and closing the accounts in order to prepare for the next accounting period. 1

4. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Accrual versus Cash Basis of Accounting ► Under cash-basis accounting, revenue is recorded when cash is received, regardless of when it is actually earned. ► Accrual-basis accounting (also called accrual accounting) is an alternative to cash-basis accounting that is required by generally accepted accounting principles. ► Under accrual accounting, transactions are recorded when they occur. ► Accrual accounting is superior to cash-basis because it links income measurement to selling, the principle activity of the company. 1

5. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Key Elements of Accrual Accounting 2

6. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Time Period Assumption ► The time-period assumption allows companies to artificially divide their operations into time periods so they can satisfy users’ demands for information. ► Companies frequently engage in continuing activities that affect more than one time period. ► Accrual accounting requires companies to assign revenues and expenses to the proper time period. ► This is often a difficult task and is guided by the revenue recognition and matching principles. 2

7. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. The Revenue Recognition Principle ► The revenue recognition principle determines when revenue is recorded and reported. ► Under this principle, revenue is recognized, or recorded, in the period in which both of the following conditions are met: ► The revenue has been earned. ► The collection of cash is reasonably assured. ► Revenue is recorded when these two conditions are met, regardless of when cash is received. 2

8. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. The Matching Principle ► Expense recognition is the process of identifying an expense with a particular time period. ► Under accrual accounting, expenses are recognized following the matching principle, which requires that expenses be recorded and reported in the same period as the revenue that it helped to generate. ► Expenses for an accounting period should include only those costs used to earn revenue that was recognized in the accounting period. ► Thus, the key to expense recognition is matching the expense with revenue. 2

9. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Instances of Accounting Abuses 2

10. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 2 Cornerstone 3-1 Applying the Revenue Recognition and Matching Principles

11. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 2 Cornerstone 3-1 Applying the Revenue Recognition and Matching Principles (continued)

12. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Accrual Accounting and Adjusting Entries ► Adjusting entries are journal entries made at the end of an accounting period to record the completed portion of partially completed transactions. ► Adjusting entries are necessary to apply the revenue recognition and matching principles and ensure that a company’s financial statements include the proper amount for revenues, expenses, assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity. 3

13. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 3 Cornerstone 3-2 Determining Which Transactions Require Adjustment

14. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 3 Cornerstone 3-2 Determining Which Transactions Require Adjustment (continued)

15. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Step 5: Adjusting the Accounts ► Adjustments are often necessary because timing differences exist between when a revenue or expense is recognized and cash is received or paid. ► The purpose of all adjustments is to make sure revenues and expenses get recorded in the proper time period. ► All adjusting entries will affect at least one income statement account and one balance sheet account. ► Note that cash is never affected by adjustments. 4

16. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Three Step-Process for Making Adjusting Entries ► A three-step procedure can be followed for making adjusting journal entries. ► Step 1: Identify pairs of income statement and balance sheet accounts that require adjustment. ► Step 2: Calculate the amount of the adjustment based on the amount of revenue that was earned or the amount of expense that was incurred during the accounting period. ► Step 3: Record the adjusting journal entry. 4

17. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Types of Adjusting Entries 4

18. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Accrued Revenues ► Companies often engage in revenue-producing activities but are not paid until after the activities are complete. ► If a company has earned revenue but not received the cash, these transactions are called accrued revenues. An example of an accrued revenue is interest earned, but not yet received, on a loan. ► As the diagram below indicates, the revenue is earned before cash is received. 4

19. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 Cornerstone 3-3 Recording Accrued Revenues

20. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 Cornerstone 3-3 Recording Accrued Revenues (continued)

21. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Accrued Expenses ► Accrued expenses are previously unrecorded expenses that have been incurred but not yet paid in cash. ► Many companies incur expenses in the current accounting period but do not pay cash for these expenses until a later period. ► For accrued expenses, an adjustment is necessary to record the expense and the associated increase in a company’s liabilities, usually a payable. 4

22. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 Cornerstone 3-4 Recording Accrued Expenses

23. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 Cornerstone 3-4 Recording Accrued Expenses (continued)

24. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Deferred (Unearned) Revenues ► Transactions for which a company has received cash but has not yet earned the revenue are called deferred (or unearned) revenues. ► Examples of deferred revenues include rent received in advance, magazine or newspaper subscriptions received in advance, and tickets (e.g., for airlines, sporting events, concerts) sold in advance. ► In all of these situations, the receipt of cash creates a liability for the company to deliver goods or perform services in the future. 4

25. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Deferred (Unearned) Revenues (continued) ► The unearned revenue account delays, or defers, the recognition of revenue by recording the revenue as a liability until it is earned. 4

26. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 Cornerstone 3-5 Adjusting Deferred (Unearned) Revenues

27. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 Cornerstone 3-5 Adjusting Deferred (Unearned) Revenues (continued)

28. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Deferred (Prepaid) Expenses ► Companies often acquire goods and services before they are used. ► These prepayments are recorded as assets called deferred (or prepaid) expenses. ► As this diagram shows, the deferral of the expense is necessary because the initial cash payment did not result in an expense, but an asset that results in future benefits. 4

29. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 Cornerstone 3-6 Adjusting Deferred (Prepaid) Expenses

30. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 Cornerstone 3-6 Adjusting Deferred (Prepaid) Expenses (continued)

31. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Depreciation ► Because property, plant, and equipment (long-lived assets) help to produce revenue over a number of years (instead of just one period), the matching principle requires companies to systematically assign or allocate the cost of these assets as expense to each period in which they are used. This process is called depreciation. ► The depreciation process requires an adjustment to recognize the expense incurred during the period and reduce the long-lived asset. ► The unused portion of a long-lived asset is reported on the balance sheet. 4

32. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Contra Accounts ► Accountants normally use a contra account to reduce the amount of a long-lived asset. ► Contra accounts are accounts that have a balance that is opposite of the balance in the related account e.g., Accumulated Depreciation account. ► Therefore, while an asset has a normal debit balance, a contra asset account has a normal credit balance. ► Contra asset account balance is deducted from the balance of the related asset account in the financial statement (balance sheet), and the resulting difference is known as the book value of the asset. 4

33. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Financial Statement Presentation of Accumulated Depreciation 4

34. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Summary of Financial Statement Effects of Adjusting Entries 4

35. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Comprehensive Example 4

36. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Adjustments (continued) ► Adj 1 – Accrued Revenue: HiTech’s accountant noted that HiTech had performed $1,500 of advertising services for which it had not yet billed the customer. ► Adj 2 – Accrual of Interest: The note payable for $3,000 signed on March 2 requires interest paid at an annual rate of 8 percent. Interest expense ($3,000 X 8% X 1/12 = $20) has been incurred but the cash payment for interest will not occur until a later date. 4

37. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Adjustments (continued) ► Adj 3 – Accrual of Salaries: HiTech accrued salaries of $1,080 for 3 days @$360 per day (3 days X $360 per day). ► Adj 4 – Deferred Revenue: HiTech’s trial balance shows that a customer paid $9,000 in advance for services to be performed at a later date. Based on work performed during March, $3,300 of revenue has been earned. 4

38. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Adjustments (continued) ► Adj 5 – Deferred Expense: HiTech’s trial balance shows a balance of $6,500 in the Supplies account. However, an inventory count at the close of business on March 31 determined that supplies on hand were $1,200. ► Adj 6 – Deferred Expense: HiTech’s trial balance shows a balance of $1,200 in the Prepaid Insurance account for a six- month insurance policy purchased March 1. The expired portion of the insurance is $200 ($1,200 x 1/6). 4

39. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Adjustments (continued) ► Adj 7 - Depreciation: HiTech’s trial balance shows that $4,500 of equipment was purchased. Depreciation expense for the equipment is $125 per month. 4

40. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. General Ledger of HiTech Communications 4

41. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Step 6: Preparing the Financial Statements ► After a company has journalized and posted all of the adjusting entries, it updates the trial balance to reflect the adjustments that have been made. ► This trial balance is called an adjusted trial balance. ► Similar to the trial balance, the adjusted trial balance lists all of the active accounts and proves the equality of debits and credits. 5

42. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Adjusted Trial Balance 5

43. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Relationship Among the Financial Statements 5

44. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Step 7: Closing the Accounts ► The balance sheet accounts- assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity- are permanent accounts in that their balances are carried forward from the current accounting period to future accounting periods. ► Revenues, expenses, and dividends are used to collect the activities of only one period, so they are considered temporary accounts. ► The final step of the accounting cycle, closing the accounts, is done to: ► Transfer the effects of revenues, expenses, and dividends (the temporary accounts) to the permanent stockholders’ equity account, Retained Earnings. ► Clear the revenue, expenses, and dividends (reduce their balances to zero) so they are ready to accumulate the business activities of the next accounting period. 6

45. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 6 Cornerstone 3-7 Closing the Accounts

46. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 6 Cornerstone 3-7 Closing the Accounts (continued)

47. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 6 Cornerstone 3-7 Closing the Accounts (continued)

48. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Closing Process 7

49. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Summary of the Accounting Cycle 7