1. PRESENTER ADEOYE ABISOYE MPH STUDENT WALDEN UNIVERSITY PUBH 6165 INSTRUCTOR: DR HOWARD RUBIN FALL QUARTER, 2012.

2. The efforts of Dr Howard Rubin whose special contributions and constructive criticism made this presentation a reality is greatly appreciated. I only but see exciting future.

3. - GREEK PROVERBS

4.  The learning Objectives includes:  Why shigellosis is public health concern  How shigellosis is transmitted to human  Health and financial burden of shigellosis  Definition of shigellosis  Epidemiology of shigellosis  Symptoms and signs  Complications  Diagnosis and treatment  Prevention

5.  Intended Audience  Public health officials  Non governmental organizations  Occupational health officials  Food handlers  Community leaders

6. Shigellosis' can be defined as infectious disease that is caused by Shigella species, which are gram negative rod-shaped bacteria. These bacteria includes: Shigella sonnei, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri and S. boydii. It is usually transmitted through food and water contaminated with fecal matter. United States Food and Drug Administration (2009). Bad Bug Book: Foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins handbook, Shigella spp. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodborne PathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm070563.htm http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodborne PathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm070563.htm

7. S. sonnei this is also called Group D Shigella and it accounts for about 66% of cases in the United States. S.flexneri is also refer to as group B Shigella and it accounts for the rest. S. dysenteriae type 1 is the type common in developing countries and can occur in epidemics which could be fatal if not curtail. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). Shigellosis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/shigellosis/# what

8. It can affect all age groups nevertheless, the young, elderly and immune compromised are more susceptible. It accounts for less than 10% of food borne diseases in the United States with about 14.000 annual cases Transmission is usually fecal-orally, by flies and through homosexual acts. It quite prevalent in Africa due to poor hygiene and crowded environments. Mortality can be as high as 10-15%. FDA (2009). Bad Bug Book: Foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins handbook, Shigella spp. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadB ugBook/ucm070563.htm http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadB ugBook/ucm070563.htm

9.  Infection sources include  Flies contaminating non-refrigerated foods  Contaminated foods with fecal matter for example: raw vegetables, fresh/smoked fish salads, potato, prawns, chicken, dairy products Like milk.  Contaminated water with human or animal waste such as feces  CDC (2009). Shigellosis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/shigellosis/#what

10. Onset of symptoms about 12-50 hours after infection and these includes Fever Nausea and Vomiting Abdominal cramps and pain Passage of mucoid or bloody loose stools FDA (2009). Bad Bug Book: Foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins handbook, Shigella spp. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/Foodbor neIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm0705 63.htm http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/Foodbor neIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm0705 63.htm

11. Severe dehydration with electrolyte imbalance Shock Intestinal ulcers Rectal bleeding Post-infectious arthritis Chronic arthritis Confusion and coma Death FDA (2009). Bad Bug Book: Foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins handbook, Shigella spp. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIl lnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm070563.htm http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIl lnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm070563.htm

12. Confirmation of Shigellosis is by stool cultures. Treatment is usually pharmacological Antibiotics such as septrin, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin with adequate rehydration to replace lost fluids are first line of treatment. FDA (2009). Bad Bug Book: Foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins handbook, Shigella spp. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNa turalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm070563.htm http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNa turalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm070563.htm Ranjbar, R., Hosseini, M.J., Kaffashian, A.R. & Farshad, S. (2010). An outbreak of shigellosis due to Shigella flexneri Serotype 3a in a prison in Iran. Archives of Iranian Medicine 13(5), 414-417.

13.  Can be achieved by promoting:  Frequent hand washing after and before the followings  Micturition and defecation  Handling and changing baby diapers  Handling raw foods  Before cooking or eating  Washing of fruits and vegetables prior to consumption  CDC (2009). Shigellosis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/shigellosis/#what

14.  Other forms of preventions include:  Periodic screening of food handlers and cooks  Reporting of diarrheal diseases cases.  Disinfection of swimming pools and play pens.  Formulating policies preventing people with diarrhea diseases from swimming in public pools.  CDC (2009). Shigellosis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/shigellosis/#what

15.  Shigellosis is a preventable food borne disease caused by Shigella species. It can be fatal if not attended to promptly and can be prevented easily using simple hygienic measures.  Now we can see from this presentation that it takes simple hygienic measures to get raid of this disease.

17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). Shigellosis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseas es/shigellosis/#what http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseas es/shigellosis/#what Ranjbar, R., Hosseini, M.J., Kaffashian, A.R. & Farshad, S. (2010). An outbreak of shigellosis due to Shigella flexneri Serotype 3a in a prison in Iran. Archives of Iranian Medicine 13(5), 414-417. United States Food and Drug Administration (2009). Bad Bug Book: Foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins handbook, Shigella spp. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIlln ess/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxin s/BadBugBook/ucm070563.htm http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIlln ess/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxin s/BadBugBook/ucm070563.htm