1. Machine Learning in Practice Lecture 8 Carolyn Penstein Rosé Language Technologies Institute/ Human-Computer Interaction Institute

2. Plan for the Day Announcements  Should be finalizing plans for term project Weka helpful hints Spam Dataset Overcoming some limits of Linear Functions Discussing ordinal attributes in light of linear functions

3. Weka Helpful Hints

4. Feature Selection Feature selection algorithms pick out a subset of the features that work best  Usually they evaluate each feature in isolation * Click here to start setting up feature selection

5. Feature Selection Feature selection algorithms pick out a subset of the features that work best  Usually they evaluate each feature in isolation * Now click here

6. Feature Selection * Now click here.

7. Feature Selection

8. * Now pick your base classifier just like before

9. Feature Selection * Finally you will configure the feature selection

10. Setting Up Feature Selection * First click here.

11. Setting Up Feature Selection * Select CHiSquaredAttributeEval

12. Setting Up Feature Selection * Now click here.

13. Setting Up Feature Selection * Select Ranker

14. Setting Up Feature Selection * Now click here

15. Setting Up Feature Selection * Set the number of features you want

16. Setting Up Feature Selection The number you pick should not be larger than the number of features available The number should not be larger than the number of coded examples you have

17. Examining Which Features are Most Predictive You can find a ranked list of features in the Performance Report if you use feature selection * Predictiveness score * Frequency

18. Spam Data Set

19. Word frequencies Runs of $, !, Capitalization All numeric Spam versus NotSpam * Which algorithm will work best?

20. Spam Data Set Decision Trees (.85 Kappa) SMO (linear function) (.79 Kappa) Naïve Bayes (.6 Kappa)

21. What did SMO learn?

22. Decision tree model

23. More on Linear Functions … exploring the idea of nonlinearity

24. Limits of linear functions

25. Numeric Prediction with the CPU Data Predicting CPU performance from computer configuration All attributes are numeric as well as the output

26. Numeric Prediction with the CPU Data Could discretize the output and predict good performance, mediocre performance, or bad performance Numeric prediction allows you to make arbitrarily many distinctions

27. Linear Regression R-squared=.87

28. Outliers ** Notice that here it’s the really high values that fit the line the least well. That’s not always the case.

29. The two most highly weighted features

30. Exploring the Attribute Space * Identify outliers with respect to typical attribute values.

31. The two most highly weighted features Within 1 standard deviation of the mean value

32. Trees for Numeric Prediction Looks like we may need a representation that allows for a nonlinear solution Regression trees can handle a combination of numeric and nominal attributes M5P: computes a linear regression function at each leaf node of the tree  Look at CPU performance data and compare a simple linear regression (R =.93) with M5P (R =.98)

33. Results on CPU data with M5P More Data Here Biggest Outliers Here

34. Results with M5P More Data Here Biggest Outliers Here

35. Multi-Layer Networks can learn arbitrarily complex functions

36. Multilayer Perceptron

37. Best Results So Far

38. Forcing a Linear Function Note that it weights the features differently than the linear regression Partly because of normalization Regression trees split on MMAX NN emphasizes MMIN

39. Review of Ordinal Attributes

40. Feature Space Design for Linear Functions Often features will be numeric Continuous values May be more likely to generalize properly with discretized values  We discussed the fact that you lose ordering and distance  With respect to linear functions, it may be more important that you lose the ability to think in terms of ranges  Explicitly coding ranges allows for a simple form of nonlinearity

41. Ordinal Values Weka technically does not have ordinal attributes  But you can simulate them with “temperature coding”!  Try to represent “If X less than or equal to.35”?.2.25.28.31.35.45.47.52.6.63 ABCD A A or B A or B or C A or B or C or D

42. Ordinal Values Weka technically does not have ordinal attributes  But you can simulate them with “temperature coding”!  Try to represent “If X less than or equal to.35”?.2.25.28.31.35.45.47.52.6.63 ABCD A A or B A or B or C A or B or C or D

43. Ordinal Values Weka technically does not have ordinal attributes  But you can simulate them with “temperature coding”!  Try to represent “If X less than or equal to.35”?.2.25.28.31.35.45.47.52.6.63 ABCD A A or B A or B or C A or B or C or D Now how would you represent X <=.35?

44. Ordinal Values Weka technically does not have ordinal attributes  But you can simulate them with “temperature coding”!  Try to represent “If X less than or equal to.35”?.2.25.28.31.35.45.47.52.6.63 ABCD A A or B A or B or C A or B or C or D Now how would you represent X <=.35? Feat2 = 1

45. Take Home Message Linear functions cannot learn interactions between attributes If you need to account for interactions:  Multiple layers  Tree-like representations  Attributes that represent ranges  Later in the semester we’ll talk about other approaches