1. Modern World History Chapter 9, Section 1 The Beginnings of Industrialization

2. Agricultural Revolution
Enclosures – larger fields that wealthy landowners bought up that were enclosed with fences or hedges
2 important results of enclosures:
Landowners tried new agricultural methods that increased crop yields
Small farmers were forced to became tenant farmers or too give up farming and move to the cities

3. Agricultural Revolution
Seed drill – invented by Jethro Tull, it was a machine that allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths
Boosted crop yields and wasted less seed than the old scatter method

4. Agricultural Revolution
Crop rotation – farmers began to rotate crops on the fields they planted by planting crops in an order that would restore nutrients in the soil
Replaced the medieval three-field system that required the fields to remain fallow (unplanted) for a year
Greatly increased crop yields

5. Agricultural Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution spurred the Industrial Revolution:
As food supplies increased so did population
As population increased so did demand for food and products like cotton cloth
As farmers lost their land to larger landholders, many moved to the cities and found work in factories

6. Industrialization Begins in England
Natural resources in England that contributed:
Water power and coal to fuel the new machines
Iron ore to construct the machines, tools, and buildings
Rivers for inland transportation
Harbors from which merchant ships set sail

7. Industrialization Begins in England
Factors besides natural resources that allowed industrialization to begin in England:
Banking system to provide loans for businesses
Colonies and shipping to support trade
Large labor source
Laws passed by Parliament that supported business

8. Textile (Cloth) Industry Inventions
Flying shuttle – a boat shaped piece of wood that yarn was attached to that had wheels (doubled the work a weaver could do in a day)
Spinning jenny – a spinning wheel that made spun thread from cotton (one spinner could work 8 threads at one time)
Water frame – a machine that used water power from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels

9. Textile (Cloth) Industry Inventions
Spinning mule – combined features of the spinning jenny and water frame (made thread that was finer, stronger, and more consistent than previous machines
Power loom – run by water power, it sped up the weaving process

10. From Home to Factories
The water frame, spinning mule, and power loom were all bulky and expensive
Workers were needed to run these machines
Wealthy merchants who set up these textile mills hired workers to come to their building called factories to work on these machines
(link above Mill Times show 1st 8 min.)

11. Fuel Sources for Factories and Transportation
The earliest factories were powered by rivers or streams
Steam engine worked faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel
Steam-driven machinery in factories by late 1700s
In steamboats by 1807
In locomotive trains engines by 1820

12. Water Transportation Steam power began to be used to propel boats
Robert Fulton’s steamboat was successful in New York on the Hudson River
In England a network of canals was created to take advantage of this advancement (over 4,000 miles of canals built)
This form of transportation slashed the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished goods

13. Road Transportation
John McAdam, a Scottish engineer designed a new way to make roads in the early 1800s (macadam roads)
Road beds made with large stones provided drainage, while crushed rock on the top provided a smooth surface that wouldn’t get muddy even with heavy rains
Turnpikes – roads built this way by investors in which travelers had to stop at tollgates (turnpikes) and pay tolls before travelling further

14. Railroad Transportation
Four major effects:
Manufacturing spurred by cheap transportation
Agriculture spurred by cheap transportation
Created hundreds of thousands of jobs in railroad industry and for miners of coal and iron
Linked country to city (workers to city, city folk to vacations)

15. American Inventors
Cyrus McCormick – mechanical reaper (harvesting machine)
Samuel Morse – electric signals over telegraph
Isaac Singer – foot-powered sewing machine
Alexander Graham Bell – telephone