1. The Very Large Telescope Interferometer Neon School, Garching 29 August, 2008 Andrea Richichi European Southern Observatory

2. Why is Interferometry useful? Objects Single TelescopeInterf. Fringes

3. Interferometry at your fingertips

4. Why is Interferometry difficult?

5. Michelson Stellar Interferometer Stellar source with angular size α 0 Add fringe patterns (i.e. intensities) between ± α 0 /2 Resulting fringe pattern shows reduced contrast. Reduced contrast depends on B – and on α 0. movies courtesy of A. Glindemann

6. Single telescope imaging vs. interferometry SensitivityDiffraction limit

7. Optical vs Radio Interferometry In common: Visibilities, Closure Phases, Angular Resolution (λ/B) Radio: more baselines, phases, “true” imaging

8. Overview of current Interferometers

9. Paranal Telescopes and Instruments

10. The VLTI - close up

11. VLTI Scheme The wavefronts must be “clean”, i.e. adaptive optics needed for large telescopes. The optical path difference must be continuously compensated by the delay lines. Atmospheric turbulence causes rapid fringe motion which must be “frozen” by a so-called fringe tracker.

12. o Four 8.2-m Unit Telescopes (Baselines up to 130m) o Four 1.8-m Auxiliary Telescopes (Baselines up to 200m) o 6 Delay Lines o near-IR to MIR (angular resolution 1-20 mas) o Excellent uv coverage o 1 st Gen Instruments o IR tip-tilt in lab o Adaptive optics o Fringe Tracker o Dual-Feed facility (PRIMA) o 2 nd Gen Instruments

13. The VLTI Telescopes

14. The “Paranal Express” correct sidereal path difference six delay lines combine all UT baselines combine almost all AT baselines laser metrology

15. VLTI Laboratory

16. The VLTI Today + FINITO, IRIS, Differential Delay Lines, ARAL, vibration correction,...

17. FINITO offFINITO on IRIS AMBER Medium Res 3 ATs

18. How to obtain and use VLTI data Public Archive (VINCI~20000 OBs, SDT, MIDI, AMBER): register as an Archive user  VINCI: pipeline  MIDI: MIA/EWS software (IDL)  AMBER: Ammyorick, Reflex Write your own proposal

19. Interferometric Science Highlights AGNs (dust tori) Hot stars; massive stars; star formation Evolved stars; dust in giants; AGBs Stellar pulsation Binary stars MS stars and fundamental parameters Search for exoplanets (direct detection) Solar system (asteroids) Black holes and relativity

20. NGC 1068 Incoherent combination 2 Tel coherent combination

21. Angular diameter (interferometry) Radial velocity data (spectroscopy) Cepheid Stars Perpendicularly to the plane of the sky In the plane of the sky Distance Relative size (Solar units) Angular diameter(mas) From P. Kervella (2005)

22.  Cep Prototype Classical Cepheid Interferometry is no longer the limitation to the IBW method Individual V2 lead to  /  < 0.5% Potentially*, the distance is determined at the 2% level * How well do we trust LD & p-factor models ??? Mourard et al. 1997 Pulsation not detected Lane et al. 2000 First detection  Cep FLUOR/CHARA Evolution of the IBW method at a glance: B=313m From A. Mérand (2005)

23. l Car From J. Davis (2005) Potential distance uncert. 11/545pc

24. The VLTI Tomorrow MATISSEVSIGRAVITY 3-20µm, 4 beams1-2.5µm, 4-6 beams2.2µm, 4x2 beams Phase A studies concluded (Sep’07) for 2 nd Generation Instruments PRIMA Dual-feed facility Start of integration in Paranal in 2008 First scientific use in 2009 TBC PRIMA Dual-feed facility Start of integration in Paranal in 2008 First scientific use in 2009 TBC

25. Conclusions VLTI is well-developed, open, user-friendly facilityVLTI is well-developed, open, user-friendly facility Flexible baseline system gives wide uv coverageFlexible baseline system gives wide uv coverage Most powerful combination of long baselines and large telescopesMost powerful combination of long baselines and large telescopes Standard system of observation, data quality and data analysisStandard system of observation, data quality and data analysis Diverse scientific issues at 0.001” resolutionDiverse scientific issues at 0.001” resolution Lively futureLively future