1. Plant Propagation By: Johnny M. Jessup Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor

2. Introduction What is plant propagation? The reproduction or increasing in number of plants. Can be done in one of two ways…. Sexual. Asexual.

3. Sexual or Seed Propagation

4. Sexual Propagation The propagation or reproducing of plants from seeds.

5. Sexual Propagation Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma. Fertilization occurs and seeds are produced.

7. Parts of the Seed

8. Seeds are made up of 3 main parts…. Seed Coat. Endosperm. Embryonic Plant.

9. Planting Seeds Planting depth depends on the size of the seeds. The larger the seed, the deeper it is planted. Example: Petunia seeds are planted shallower than beans, tomatoes, or marigolds because they are the smallest. Small seeds should be watered by bottom soaking.

10. Planting Seeds Seeds are directly seeded when they are planted in the soil where they will grow to a saleable size. Germination flats are used if they are to be transplanted at a later time. When reusing germination flats, be sure to sterilize the flats and soil.

11. Germination Germination rate is the % that sprout. Example: 75 out of 100 = 75% Rates affected by…. Seed viability. Temperature. Moisture. Type of plant. Quality of seed.

12. Germination

13. Transplanting Seedlings Seedlings are the small plants. Transplant when first true leaves appear Held by the true leaves rather than the stems to prevent stem bruising which will kill the plant.

14. Hardening Off The reducing of humidity and water to make the environment more like the outside.

15. Advantages of Sexual Propagation Fast way to get many plants. Easy to do. Economical.

16. Disadvantages of Sexual Propagation Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce true to parents. Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds.

17. Asexual Propagation

18. The use of vegetative growing parts other than seeds to reproduce plants. The types are…. Cuttings Layering Division/Separation Budding Grafting Tissue Culture

19. Rooting from Cuttings Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep. Best time of day to take cuttings is early morning because plants have more moisture.

20. Rooting from Cuttings The three main types of cuttings are…. Stem Leaf Root

21. Stem Cuttings The taking of a piece of stem to reproduce plants. Use a rooting hormone with fungicide to…. Speed up root development. Prevent root rot.

22. Leaf Cuttings The use of leaves and sections of leaves to reproduce plants. Done from herbaceous plants. Veins must be cut!!!

23. Root Cuttings The use of roots to reproduce plants. Should be spaced 3 inches apart in the rooting area.

24. Layering The rooting of plant parts while they are still attached to the “parent” plant. The types are…. Air Layering. Trench Layering. Mound Layering.

25. Air Layering Also called Chinese propagation. Area of plant is girdled and surrounded by a moist growing medium that is sealed in polyethylene film.

26. Trench Layering Mother plant is bent to the ground and buried. Plants form at each node on covered stem.

27. Mound Layering Rooted plant is cut off at the soil level. As the season progresses, soil is added to cover the growing shoots. After 1 year, the shoots are rooted and removed from the parent plant.

28. Division & Separation Cutting or pulling apart of…. Bulbs Corms Rhizomes Tubers Runners Stolens Suckers

29. Division & Separation Division is done through humans physically dividing plants to reproduce Separation is the NATURAL division of plants.

30. Grafting Joining separate plant parts together so that they form a union and grow together to make one plant. Scion Piece of plant at the top of the graft. Rootstock The piece of the plant at the root or bottom of the graft.

31. Grafting Methods Scion & rootstock are the same size: Wedge Splice Whip & tongue Approach

32. Grafting Methods whip & tongue graft splice graft approach graft wedge graft

33. Grafting Methods Scion is smaller than the rootstock: Cleft. Side. Notch. Bark inlay.

34. Grafting Methods cleft graft side graft bark inlay graft notch graft

35. Budding A form of grafting when a bud is used. Faster or quicker than grafting. The 3 main methods are…. Patch budding. T-budding. Chip budding.

36. Patch Budding

37. T-Budding

38. Chip Budding

39. Tissue Culture Must have a sterile environment. Get the most plants in a short time. True to parent plants.

40. Advantages to Asexual Propagation Plants mature in shorter time. Some plants do not produce viable seeds. New plants are same as parent plant.

41. Disadvantages to Asexual Propagation Some methods require special equipment & skills…. Such as grafting. Cuttings detach plant parts from water and nutrient source. Some plants are patented…. Making propagation illegal.

42. Biotechnology in Horticulture

43. What is Biotechnology? The use of cells or components (parts) of cells to produce or processes.

44. Methods of Biotechnology Tissue Culture Also called micropropagation. Uses the terminal shoots or leaf buds in a sterile or aseptic environment on agar gel or other nutrient- growing media to produce thousands of identical plants.

45. Methods of Biotechnology Cloning Genetically generating offspring from non-sexual tissue.

46. Methods of Biotechnology Genetic Engineering Movement of genetic information in the form of genes from one cell to another cell to modify or change the genetic make-up.

47. Benefits of Biotechnology Produce many identical plants in a short time. Increase disease and insect resistance. Increase tolerance to heat or cold. Increase weed tolerance. Increase tolerance to drought. Improve environment. Increase production. Other genetic changes.

48. Organize a discussion group with two other people. Each person Explore four benefits and four concerns of biotechnology OR Get with a partner and one of you write 8 benefits and one of you write 8 concerns Write down your benefits and concerns and write a why it is a benefit or concern Provide the best solution for your concerns Be ready to share your work