1. Child Development Laura E. Berk 8th edition
Chapter 4
Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images;
Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

2. Newborn Reflexes Eye Blink Rooting Sucking Swimming Moro Palmar Grasp
Tonic Neck
Stepping
Babinski
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

3. Infant States of Arousal
Regular Sleep
Irregular Sleep
Drowsiness
Quiet Alertness
Waking Activity
and Crying
Family Life Royalty Free CD
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

4. Sleep Patterns
Sleep moves to an adult-like night-day schedule during the first year.
Sleep needs decline from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2.
More Americans are co-sleeping.
Photodisc
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

5. Childhood Sleep Changes
Figure Changes in REM sleep.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

6. Infant Crying Patterns
Figure Crying patterns during the first year of life.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

7. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Peaks between 2 and 4 months of age
Leading cause of death of infant mortality in industrialized nations
Quitting smoking, changing an infant’s sleeping position and removing a few bedclothes can reduce the incidence of SIDS
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

8. Adult Responsiveness to Infant Cries
Depends on:
Interpretation of Cry
Adults use cry intensity and context
Accuracy improves with experience
Adult Characteristics
Empathy
Child-centered attitude
Perception of control over crying
RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

9. Ways to Soothe a Crying Baby
Hold on shoulder and rock or walk
Swaddle
Pacifier
Ride in carriage,
car, swing
Combine methods
Let cry for short
time
Family Life Royalty Free CD
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

10. Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
Uses include:
Discovering individual & cultural differences
Helping parents get to know their babies
Predicting development
based on changes in scores
RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

11. The Steps of Classical Conditioning
Figure The steps of classical conditioning.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

12. Operant Conditioning Terms
Reinforcer
Increases probability of behavior occurring again
Presenting desirable stimulus
Removing unpleasant stimulus
Punishment
Reduces probability of behavior occurring again
Presenting unpleasant stimulus
Removing desirable stimulus
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

13. Infant Learning and Memory
Figure 4.4 Increase in retention of operant responses in two tasks from 2 to 18 months of age.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

14. Using Habituation to Study Infant Memory & Knowledge
Figure Using habituation to study infant memory and knowledge.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

15. Infant’s Recent and Remote Memory for Human Actions
Figure Infants’ recent and remote memory for human actions.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

16. Imitation Newborns can imitate Harder to induce in older babies
Some suggest
it is a reflex
Capacity improves
with age
Helps infants learn
Mirror neurons
Family Life Royalty Free CD
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

17. Trends in Motor Skills Development
Cephalocaudal
“Head to tail”
Head before arms and trunk, which are before legs
Proximodistal
From the center of the body outward
Control of head and trunk before arms and legs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

18. Motor Skills as Dynamic Systems
Increasingly complex systems of action with each skill
4 factors in each new skill:
CNS development
Body’s movement capacity
Child’s goals
Environmental supports
Photodisc
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

19. Steps in Reaching and Grasping
Prereaching
Reaching
With two hands, then one
Ulnar Grasp
Adjust grip to object
Move objects from
hand to hand
Pincer Grasp
Family Life Royalty Free CD
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

20. Some Milestones of Reaching
Figure 4.9 Some milestones of reaching.
© Laura Dwight Photography; © Michael Siluk/The Image Works; © Laura Dwight Photography; © Elizabeth Crows/The Image Works
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

21. Infants’ Sense of Touch
Newborns: reflex responses to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals
Later, exploratory mouthing
Pleasurable touch
releases endorphins
Sensitive to pain
Pain can affect later behavior
Relieve pain with anesthetics,
sugar, gentle holding
RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

22. Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell
Prefer sweet tastes at birth
Quickly learn to like new tastes
Have odor preferences from birth
Affected by mother’s diet during pregnancy
Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth
RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

23. Newborn Sense of Hearing
Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth
Prefer complex sounds to pure tones
Learn sound patterns
within days
Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language
RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

24. Developments in Hearing
4 – 7 months
Sense of musical phrasing
6 – 8 months
“Screen out” sounds from non-native languages
Recognize familiar words, natural phrasing in native language
8 – 9 months
Detect syllables that often occur together in the same word
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

25. Newborn Sense of Vision
Least developed of senses at birth
Unable to see long distances, focus clearly
Scan environment and try to track interesting objects
Color vision improves in first two months
RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

26. Newborn’s Limited Focusing Ability
Figure 4.12 View of the human face by the newborn and adult.
From Kellman & Anterberry, 2006; Slater, 2001
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

27. Improvements in Vision
Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision:
2 months: focus and color vision
6 months: acuity, scanning & tracking
6–7 months: depth perception
Photodisc
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

28. Steps in Depth Perception
Birth – 1 month
Sensitivity to kinetic cues
2 – 3 months
Sensitivity to binocular cues
5 –12 months
Sensitivity to pictorial cues
Wariness of heights
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

29. The Visual Cliff Figure 4.13 The visual cliff.
© Mark Richards/PhotoEdit
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

30. Steps in Pattern Perception3
weeks
Poor contrast sensitivity
Prefers large simple patterns 2
months
Can detect detail in complex patterns
Scans internal features of patterns 4
Can detect patterns even if boundaries are not really present 12
Can detect objects even if two-thirds of drawing is missing
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

31. Infant’s Responses to Pictorial Depth Cues
Figure 4.14 Testing infants’ responsiveness to pictorial depth cues—
overlapping lines and line junctions.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

32. The Way Two Checkerboards Differing in Complexity Look to Infants in the First Few Weeks of Life
Figure The way two checkerboards differing in complexity look to infants in the first few weeks of life.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

33. Subjective Boundaries in Visual Patterns
Figure Subjective boundaries in visual patterns.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

34. Early Face Perception Figure 4.17 - Early face perception.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

35. Testing Newborns for Size Constancy
Figure Testing newborns for size constancy.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

36. Testing Infants’ Ability to Perceive Object Unity
Figure Testing infants’ ability to perceive object unity.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

37. Testing Infants’ Ability to Perceive an Object’s Path of Movement
Figure 4.19 Testing infant’s ability to perceive an object’s path of movement.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

38. Steps in Intermodal Perception
Birth
Detect amodal sensory properties
3 – 4 months
Prefer “matching” sights and sounds
5 – 6 months
Reach for object in the dark, coordinating sight and touch
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

39. Differentiation Theory
Infants:
Search for invariant features of the environment
Note stable relationships between features
Visual patterns, intermodal relationships
Gradually detect finer and finer features: differentiation
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

40. Affordances Discovered by acting on the environment
Make actions future-oriented
Figure 4.20 Acting on the environment plays a major role in perceptual differentiation.
Courtesy of Karen Adolph, New York University
Courtesy of Karen Adolph, New York University
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

41. Relationship of Age at Adoption to Mental Test Scores at Ages 6 and 11 Among British and Romanian Adoptees
Figure 4.21 Relationship of age at adoption to mental test scores at ages 6 and 11 among British and Romanian adoptees.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.