2. Problem 

3. Ontario examples Kingston (2003-2004)10,000 stops Toronto (2003-2008) 1 million stops Black residents 3x more likely to be stopped for non-criminal encounters than white residents

4. Problem  1/ Is based only on how you look (not what you’ve done) – social and racial profiling 2/ Grey area: not detained – not free to leave – psychological detainment 3/ Don’t know about what law has been broken until AFTER you’ve been stopped and searched – ‘out of sight’ infractions 4/ Stop isn’t documented ? – ‘institutional invisibility’

5. Solution ? 

6. (Winnable) Goal ? street stops have to be based on reasonable suspicion police can’t stop people just because they ‘look suspicious’ because we know people look suspicious because they look poor or have dark skin. HOW ?

7. Contact Receipts April 2014 – Toronto Police Services Board: Officers must have a `public safety purpose' for such stops - Section 2, 4; stop cannot be based on an unsupported suspicion (Section 4.b.ii) Officer will be obligated to tell the person stopped of their right to leave and the reason for the stop (Section 5.c ) Officer will be required to provide a receipt indicating the officer's name, badge number, and the reason for the stop (Section 5.f)

8. How is it working in Toronto? *up to 80% drop in stops after contact receipts instituted in summer 2014. BUT..... Contact Receipts

9. BUT..... Toronto police haven’t been happy about doing this. Police aren’t doing this is all cases of stops. Need lots of PRESSURE. Contact Receipts

10. What is social profiling? “Social profiling occurs in particular when individuals, because they are homeless, are ticketed for minor offences that are rarely, if ever, punished by the police when committed by other citizens (for example, loitering, spitting, dropping cigarette butts, lying on a public bench, being drunk in public, jaywalking, etc.)...Social profiling also occurs when police officers make unusual decisions concerning the homeless, for example by making identity checks without reasonable grounds or issuing fines that are disproportionate to the seriousness of the offences committed.” (Quebec Human Rights Commission, 2009: p.3) “Social profiling occurs when an action is taken against a person based on the fact that this person seemingly belongs to an identified group...social profiling can occur as the result of a broad interpretation by the police regarding who is deemed a ‘suspicious’ person due to clothing, location, time of day, etc.” (O’Grady, Gaetz, and Buccieri, 2011: 13-14)

11. What is Racial Profiling? "Racial profiling includes any action by a person in a situation of authority who applies a measure in a disproportionate way to certain segments of the population on the basis, in particular, of their racial, ethnic, national or religious background, whether actual or presumed.” (Quebec Human Rights Commission, 2011, p11)