2. French Revolution: PHASE 3: Radical Republic to Directory

3. The Radical Republic

4. Fueled by freedom of the Press Fueled by freedom of the Press By 1792 popular opinion had turned against the Monarchy! By 1792 popular opinion had turned against the Monarchy! The Radical Republic

5. The National Convention (the legislature) writes a new constitutionThe National Convention (the legislature) writes a new constitution Ended the monarchyEnded the monarchy Made France a REPUBLIC – a government with elected officialsMade France a REPUBLIC – a government with elected officials The Radical Republic

6. Universal male suffrage – all adult male citizens given the right to voteUniversal male suffrage – all adult male citizens given the right to vote The Radical Republic

7. Primary goal was to encourage greater equalityPrimary goal was to encourage greater equality Universal Elementary EducationUniversal Elementary Education Reforms of the Republic

8. New land for peasantsNew land for peasants Introduced wage & price controlsIntroduced wage & price controls Abolished slavery in French coloniesAbolished slavery in French colonies Abolished the Catholic ChurchAbolished the Catholic Church

9. Reforms of the Republic Other reforms to rid France of Old Regime:Other reforms to rid France of Old Regime: –Converted to metric system –Adopted new calendar –New street names –No formal pronouns or titles

10. The Sans-Culottes Lead the Way! The Sans-Culottes (“without knee breeches”) – shopkeepers, artisans, & workers – were in chargeThe Sans-Culottes (“without knee breeches”) – shopkeepers, artisans, & workers – were in charge

11. The Sans-Culottes Lead the Way! Rejected elaborate clothingRejected elaborate clothing Called each other “citizen” & “citizeness”Called each other “citizen” & “citizeness” Considered patrioticConsidered patriotic

12. Symbols of the Revolution

13. Revolutionary Slogan:Revolutionary Slogan: “liberte, egalite, fraternite”“liberte, egalite, fraternite” “Liberty, equality, fraternity!”“Liberty, equality, fraternity!”

14. The new French flag - tricolorThe new French flag - tricolor

15. The Phrygian Cap of Liberty

16. The new anthem – The MarseillaiseThe new anthem – The Marseillaise To arms, citizens! Form your battalions, Let us march, let us march!

17. Execution of the King

18. Execution of the King Execution of the King In 1793, King Louis is tried, convicted, and beheaded for treason by radicalsIn 1793, King Louis is tried, convicted, and beheaded for treason by radicals “ I forgive those who are guilty of my death…”

19. Execution of the King Execution of the king threatened foreign thronesExecution of the king threatened foreign thrones Monarchs of Great Britain, Spain, & Netherlands joined Austria & Prussia in an alliance against FranceMonarchs of Great Britain, Spain, & Netherlands joined Austria & Prussia in an alliance against France “The kings in alliance try to frighten us, but we hurl at their feet, as a gauge of battle, the French king’s head” - Danton

20. The National Convention

21. Two Groups in the National Convention JACOBINS (extreme radicals):JACOBINS (extreme radicals): Supported by sans-culottesSupported by sans-culottes Had voted to execute Louis XVIHad voted to execute Louis XVI Leaders: Robespierre, Danton & MaratLeaders: Robespierre, Danton & Marat

22. Two Groups in the National Convention GIRONDISTS (moderate radicals)GIRONDISTS (moderate radicals) Felt revolution had gone far enoughFelt revolution had gone far enough Wanted to protect wealthy middle classWanted to protect wealthy middle class Wanted to spread ideasWanted to spread ideas

23. The Committee of Public Safety

24. Committee of Public Safety Formed by Jacobins to direct war/repel foreign invasionFormed by Jacobins to direct war/repel foreign invasion Adopted conscription (the draft)Adopted conscription (the draft)

25. Committee of Public Safety Also dealt with counter-revolutionaries within France (those who wanted to stop the Revolution)Also dealt with counter-revolutionaries within France (those who wanted to stop the Revolution) Formed the Revolutionary Tribunal – court for suspected counter-revolutionariesFormed the Revolutionary Tribunal – court for suspected counter-revolutionaries

26. Committee of Public Safety Jacobins arrest Girondists as being secret royalists!Jacobins arrest Girondists as being secret royalists! Why?Why?

27. Committee of Public Safety Girondists retaliate!Girondists retaliate! Charlotte Corday, (Girondist) killed Jacobin leader MaratCharlotte Corday, (Girondist) killed Jacobin leader Marat

28. His assassination used as an excuse for:His assassination used as an excuse for: the Reign of Terror...the Reign of Terror... Committee of Public Safety

29. The Reign of Terror

30. The Reign of Terror! Led by Radicals (especially Robespierre)Led by Radicals (especially Robespierre) Hunted down suspected traitors & counter- revolutionaries & turned them over to the Revolutionary TribunalHunted down suspected traitors & counter- revolutionaries & turned them over to the Revolutionary Tribunal

31. The Reign of Terror Swift trials and harsh sentencesSwift trials and harsh sentences Marie Antoinette executedMarie Antoinette executed Over 80% of those killed are commonersOver 80% of those killed are commoners 40,000 dead total40,000 dead total

32. The Reign of Terror By spring of 1794, France was winning the war & increased French territoryBy spring of 1794, France was winning the war & increased French territory People called for an end to the Terror but…People called for an end to the Terror but… Robespierre ordered new arrests!!Robespierre ordered new arrests!!

33. The Thermidor Reaction (July) Robespierre himself is sent to the guillotine as people seek an end to the Reign of TerrorRobespierre himself is sent to the guillotine as people seek an end to the Reign of Terror The people called for a new governmentThe people called for a new government

34. The Directory

35. The Directory The Directory Another new constitution is writtenAnother new constitution is written Government under the control of the wealthy middle classGovernment under the control of the wealthy middle class Only men with property could voteOnly men with property could vote Executive council of 5 men called DirectorsExecutive council of 5 men called Directors 2-house legislature (bicameral)2-house legislature (bicameral) Doesn’t last long…Doesn’t last long…