2. By Ashlyn Creamer

3. 100 200 400 300 400 Metabolism ATP Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis 300 200 400 200 100 500 100

4. Row 1, Col 1 break down Anabolic processes consume energy to build more complicated molecules from simpler ones, while catabolic processes _______ molecules

5. 1,2 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is composed of 1) the sugar ribose, 2) the nitrogenous base adenine, and 3) a chain of three phosphate groups What are the 3 components of an ATP molecule?

6. 1,3 2 ATP How many net ATP molecules are produced during glycolyis?

7. 1,4 NADPH; ATP Photosystem I produces ___ while photosystem II produces ___?

8. 2,1 Exergonic; releases Cellular respiration is a (exergonic/endergonic) because it (releases/consumes) energy.

9. 2,2 Phosphofructokinase The production of which enzyme inhibits ATP (and citrate) production during cellular respiration?

10. 2,3 (Student only needs to get three of these!) 1) Anaerobic is without the presence of oxygen, while aerobic is with 2) Anaerobic only makes 2 ATP per glucose molecule, aerobic makes between 30-32 3) In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule such as pyruvate. In aerobic respiration, it’s oxygen. 4) Anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide, ATP, and either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol. Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide, water, and ATP 5)Anaerobic respiration only occurs in the cytoplasm while aerobic occurs in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria Name three differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration (TIP: think about the products produced and how much energy is made!)

11. 2,4 The splitting of water molecules provides the source of electrons for photosystem II. Where do the electrons entering photosystem II come from?

12. 3,1 Competitive inhibitors bind at the active site, and they reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites Non competitive inhibitors bind away from the active site, but change the shape of the enzyme so the active site functions less effectively. Where does a competitive inhibitor bind and what are the effects? Where does a noncompetitive inhibitor bind and what are the effects?

13. 3,2 Glycolysis: 2 net ATP Pyruvate Oxidation: 0 ATP Kreb’s Cycle: 2 ATP total (a cycle for each pyruvate) Electron Transport Chain: 26-28 ATP How many ATPs are made in glycolysis (net), pyruvate oxidation, Kreb’s cycle, and the electron transport chain?

14. 3,3 Oxygen; Oxygen captures the electrons (it’s very electronegative!) in the very last step of electron transport, adding a pair of electrons to an oxygen atom and two hydrogen ions, forming water What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain and why is this important?

15. 3,4 Light reactions occur in the thylakoids and produce O 2 The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma and produces G3P (Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate) Where do light reactions occur in the chloroplasts? Where does the Calvin Cycle occur? What are the products of each?

16. 4,1 Decrease; In general, any allosteric regulator functions by changing the structure of the enzyme to either change the ability of the active site to bind the substrate or to facilitate the chemical reaction. The binding of an allosteric inhibitor to an enzyme causes the rate of product formation by the enzyme to_______. Why?

17. 4,2 II; Calvin Cycle ATP, being the product of photosystem __, is used during the ________ to build one molecule of G3P from three CO 2 molecules

18. 4,3 Deamination; beta-oxidation; because fats are better electron donors than sugars (they have more hydrogen atoms, which are far less electronegative than oxygen atoms. The hydrogen atoms won’t “hog” the electrons like oxygen would. In order for proteins to participate in cellular respiration, the NH 3 (amino group) must be removed through ________. In order for fats to participate in cellular respiration, ___________ must take place (the removal of two carbon molecules at a time). Why do fats produce twice as much ATP as carbohydrates?

19. 4,4 ATP synthase; ATP Hydrogen ions (H+) built up in the thylakoid compartment after electrons were transferred through the electron transport chain. The hydrogen ions then pump through the ______ to produce ____

20. 5,1 Chemical energy Which is the most abundant form of energy in a cell? -Kinetic energy -Chemical energy -Heat -Mechanical energy -Electrochemical gradients

21. 5,2 Endergonic; exergonic The generation of ATP is an ______ process while the hydrolysis (and release of energy) of ATP is an ________ process.

22. 5,3 In the matrix of mitochondria; 1 ATP, 1 FAD 2, 2 CO 2, 3 NADH Where does the citric acid cycle occur and what are the products for 1 cycle/1 pyruvate?

23. 5,4 The Calvin cycle requires products only produced when the photosystems are illuminated. (The ATP and NADPH produced during the light reactions are necessary for the Calvin cycle). The reactions of the Calvin cycle are not directly dependent on light, but they usually do not occur at night. Why does this occur??