1. The Components of the System Unit CSC134 : COMPUTER & INFORMATION PROCESSING Suhailah Mohd Yusof Department of Computer Science, UiTM Kedah suhailah_my@kedah.uitm.edu.my | 011-11418288| http://habibalbi.weebly.com

2. At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: Differentiate among various styles of system units on desktop computers, notebook computers, and mobile devices Identify chips, adapter cards, and other components of a motherboard Describe the control unit and arithmetic logic unit components of a processor, and explain the four steps in a machine cycle Identify characteristics of various personal computer processors on the market today, and describe the ways processors are cooled Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data Explain how program instructions transfer in and out of memory Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 2 See Page 209 for Detailed Objectives

3. At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: Differentiate among the various types of memory Describe the purpose and types of expansion slots and adapter cards, and differentiate among slots for various removable flash memory devices Differentiate between a port and a connector, and explain the differences among a USB port, FireWire port, Bluetooth port, SCSI port, eSATA port, IrDA port, serial port, and MIDI port Describe the types of buses in a computer Explain the purpose of a power supply and describe how it keeps cool Understand how to clean a system unit on a computer or mobile device Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 3 See Page 209 for Detailed Objectives

4. The System Unit The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 4 Page 210 Figure 4-1

5. The System Unit The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes: Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 5 Page 211 Figure 4-2 Drive bay(s)Power supplySound cardVideo cardProcessorMemory

6. The System Unit The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit  Contains expansion slots, processor chips, and memory slots  Sometimes called a system board Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 6 Page 212 Figure 4-3 What is a computer chip? Small piece of semi-conducting material on which integrated circuits are etched

7. Processor The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer –Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 7 Page 213 Multi-core processor Dual-core processor Quad-core processor

8. Processor Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Processor p. 213 Fig. 4-4 Input Devices Storage Devices Output Devices Memory DataInformation Instructions Data Information Control Unit  Control unit directs and coordinates operations in computer  Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

9. Processor Control Unit Memory ALU Processor What is a machine cycle? p. 215 Fig. 4-5 Step 1. Fetch Obtain program instruction or data item from memory Step 2. Decode Translate instruction into commands Step 4. Store Write result to memory Step 3. Execute Carry out command  Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle

10. Processor The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz) (1 GHz = one billion ticks of system clock per second)(1 GHz = one billion ticks of system clock per second) Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 10 Page 216

11. Processor The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 11 Pages 216 – 217 Figure 4-7

12. Processor A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn up Require additional cooling –Heat sinks –Liquid cooling technology Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 12 Pages 219 - 220 Figures 4-9 – 4-10 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Liquid Cooling below Chapter 4

13. Lets test your Mind In essence, we all use the four operations of the machine cycle every day. For example, when placing an order in a fast- food restaurant we fetch (read the menu), decode (translate the menu into an order), execute (place the order), and store (take our food to the car). Can you think of other occasions that imitate the four operations of the machine cycle.

14. Data Representation Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off Most computers are digital The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1) Bits and bytes Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 14 Page 221

15. Data Representation A computer circuit represents the 0 or the 1 electronically by the presence or absence of an electrical charge Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 15 Page 221 Figures 4-12 – 4-13 ON OFF Provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual characters (Numbers, Uppercase and lowercase letters, Punctuation marks)

16. Data Representation ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding scheme to represent data Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 16 Page 221 Figure 4-14

17. Data Representation Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 17 Page 222 Figure 4-15

18. Lets Test your Memory Please seat according to your group. Read and answer all the questions given. You may discuss with your group members. Duration:15 minutes We will discuss the answer.

19. Memory Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data Stores three basic categories of items: Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 19 Page 223 The operating system and other system software Application programs Data being processed and the resulting information

20. Memory Each location in memory has an address Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB) Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 20 Page 223 Figure 4-17

21. Memory There are two types of memory: Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 21 Pages 223 - 224 Volatile memory Loses its contents when power is turned off Example includes RAM Nonvolatile memory Does not lose contents when power is removed Examples include ROM, flash memory, and CMOS

22. Memory How do program instructions transfer in and out of RAM? p. 224 Fig. 4-8 Step 1. When you start the computer, certain operating system files are loaded into RAM from the hard disk. The operating system displays the user interface on the screen. Operating system instructions Web browser instructions Paint program instructions Operating system interface Web browser window Paint program window Web browser program instructions are removed from RAM Web browser window is no longer displayed on desktop Step 2. When you start a Web browser, the program’s instructions are loaded into RAM from the hard disk. The Web browser window is displayed on the screen. Step 3. When you start a paint program, the program’s instructions are loaded into RAM from the hard disk. The paint program, along with the Web Browser and certain operating system instructions are in RAM. The paint program window is displayed on the screen. Step 4. When you quit a program, such as the Web browser, its program instructions are removed from RAM. The Web browser is no longer displayed on the screen. RAM

23. Memory Three basic types of RAM chips exist: Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 23 Page 225 Figure 4-19 Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Static RAM (SRAM) Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM)

24. Memory RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 24 Page 225 Figure 4-20

25. Memory The amount of RAM necessary in a computer often depends on the types of software you plan to use Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 25 Page 226 Figure 4-21

26. Memory Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 26 Page 227 Figure 4-22 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Windows ReadyBoost below Chapter 4

27. Memory Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions Firmware A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is a blank ROM chip that can be written to permanently EEPROM can be erased Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 27 Page 228 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click ROM below Chapter 4

28. Memory Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten –CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes little power Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 28 Pages 228 – 229 Figure 4-23

29. Memory CMOS p. 146 Next Uses battery power to retain information when other power is turned off Stores date, time, and computer’s startup information Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor memory Used in some RAM chips, flash memory chips, and other types of memory chips

30. Memory Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory –Measured in nanoseconds Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 30 Page 229 Figures 4-24 – 4-25

31. Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card An adapter card enhances functions of a component of the system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals –Sound card and video card Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 31 Page 230 Figure 4-26

32. Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 32 Pages 230 – 231 Figure 4-27

33. Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards Removable flash memory includes: –Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC Cards/ExpressCard modules Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 33 Page 231 Figure 4-28

34. Ports and Connectors A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit (sometimes referred to as a jack) A connector joins a cable to a port Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 34 Page 232 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Digital Audio Port below Chapter 4

35. Ports and Connectors Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 35 Page 232 Figure 4-29

36. Ports and Connectors On a notebook computer, the ports are on the back, front, and/or sides Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 36 Pages 232 - 233 Figure 4-30

37. Ports and Connectors Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 37 Page 233 Figure 4-31

38. Ports and Connectors A USB port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector –You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB port with a USB hub Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 38 Page 234 Figure 4-32 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click USB Ports below Chapter 4

39. Ports and Connectors Other types of ports include: Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 39 Pages 234 - 236 Firewire port Bluetooth port SCSI port eSATA port IrDA port Serial port MIDI port

40. Ports and Connectors A Bluetooth wireless port adapter converts a USB port into a Bluetooth port A smart phone might communicate with a notebook computer using an IrDA port Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 40 Page 235 Figures 4-33 – 4-34

41. Ports and Connectors A port replicator is an external device that provides connections to peripherals through ports built into the device A docking station is an external device that attaches to a mobile computer or device Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 41 Page 236 Figure 4-35 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Docking Station below Chapter 4

42. Buses A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other –Data bus –Address bus Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 42 Page 237 Figure 4-36

43. Buses Expansion slots connect to expansion buses Common types of expansion buses include: Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 43 Page 238 PCI bus PCI Express bus Accelerated Graphics Port USB and FireWire bus PC Card bus Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click FireWire below Chapter 4

44. Bays A bay is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install additional equipment –A drive bay typically holds disk drives Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 44 Page 238 Figure 4-37

45. Power Supply The power supply converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power Some external peripherals have an AC adapter, which is an external power supply Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 45 Page 239

46. Putting It All Together Home Intel Core 2 Quad or Intel Core 2 Duo or AMD Sempron Minimum RAM: 2 GB Small Office/ Home Office Intel Core i7 or Intel Core i7 Extreme or AMD Athlon X2 or AMD Athlon II X2 Dual-Code Minimum RAM: 4 GB Mobile Intel Core i7 Extreme or AMD Turion X2 Minimum RAM: 2 GB Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 46 Page 239 Figure 4-38

47. Putting It All Together Power Intel Itanium 2 or AMD 6-Core Opteron or Intel Quad Core Xeon Minimum RAM: 8 GB Enterprise Intel Core i7 or Intel Core i7 Extreme or AMD Athlon X2 or AMD Athlon II X2 Dual-Core Minimum RAM: 4 GB Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 47 Page 239 Figure 4-38

48. Keeping Your Computer or Mobile Device Clean Clean your computer or mobile device once or twice a year Turn off and unplug your computer or mobile device before cleaning it Use compressed air to blow away dust Use an antistatic wipe to clean the exterior of the case and a cleaning solution and soft cloth to clean the screen Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 48 Page 240

49. Summary Components of the system unit How memory stores data, instructions, and information Sequence of operations that occur when a computer executes an instruction Comparison of various personal computer processors on the market today How to clean the exterior and interior of a system unit Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 49 Page 241

50. Bibliography Book Shelly, Garry B., and Vermatt, Misty E., Discovering Computers, Fundamentals: Living in a Digital World, 2011 Edition, Shelly Cashman Series, Course Technology, Cengage Learning.

51. CLASS ACTIVITY 2 Objectives: 1.to generate idea and creativity skill 2.to apply the concept of system unit Please seat in your group You as a project manager is assign to develop a new hardware device. You may invent (modify the current device) or innovate (create) a new one. Draw and design your product Elaborate the components of a system unit of your product (name & functions)