1. Linear Classifier
Team teaching

2. Linear Methods for Classification
Lecture Notes for CMPUT 466/551
Nilanjan Ray

3. Linear Classification
What is meant by linear classification?
The decision boundaries in the in the feature (input) space is linear
Should the regions be contiguous? R1 R2 X2 R3 R4 X1
Piecewise linear decision boundaries in 2D input space

4. Linear Classification…
There is a discriminant function k(x) for each class k
Classification rule:
In higher dimensional space the decision boundaries are piecewise hyperplanar
Remember that 0-1 loss function led to the classification rule:
So, can serve as k(x)

5. Linear Classification…
All we require here is the class boundaries {x:k(x) = j(x)} be linear for every (k, j) pair
One can achieve this if k(x) themselves are linear or any monotone transform of k(x) is linear
An example:
So that
Linear

6. Linear Discriminant Analysis
Essentially minimum error Bayes’ classifier
Assumes that the conditional class densities are (multivariate) Gaussian
Assumes equal covariance for every class
Posterior probability
Application of
Bayes rule
k is the prior probability for class k
fk(x) is class conditional density or likelihood density

7. LDA… Classification rule: is equivalent to:
The good old Bayes classifier!

8. LDA… When are we going to use the training data?
Total N input-output pairs
Nk number of pairs in class k
Total number of classes: K
Training data utilized to estimate
Prior probabilities:
Means:
Covariance matrix:

9. LDA: Example
LDA was able to avoid masking here

10. Study case
Factory “ABC” produces very expensive and high quality chip rings that their qualities are measured in term of curvature and diameter. Result of quality control by experts is given in the table below.

11. Curvature
Diameter
Quality Control Result
2.95
6.63
Passed
2.53
7.79
3.57
5.65
5.45
3.16
4.46
Not passed
2.58
6.22
2.16
3.52

12. As a consultant to the factory, you get a task to set up the criteria for automatic quality control. Then, the manager of the factory also wants to test your criteria upon new type of chip rings that even the human experts are argued to each other. The new chip rings have curvature 2.81 and diameter 5.46.
Can you solve this problem by employing Discriminant Analysis?

13. Solutions
When we plot the features, we can see that the data is linearly separable. We can draw a line to separate the two groups. The problem is to find the line and to rotate the features in such a way to maximize the distance between groups and to minimize distance within group.

14. X = features (or independent variables) of all data
X = features (or independent variables) of all data. Each row (denoted by ) represents one object; each column stands for one feature.
Y = group of the object (or dependent variable) of all data. Each row represents one object and it has only one column.

15. x= y=

16. Xk = data of row k, for example x3 =
g=number of gropus in y, in our example, g=2
Xi = features data for group i . Each row represents one object; each column stands for one feature. We separate x into several groups based on the number of category in y.

17. x1= x2=

18. μi = mean of features in group i, which is average of xi
μ1 = , μ2 =
μ = global mean vector, that is mean of the whole data set.
In this example, μ =

19. = mean corrected data, that is the features data for group i, xi , minus the global mean vector μ
= =

20. Covariance matrix of group i = C1 = C2 =

21. = pooled within group covariance matrix
= pooled within group covariance matrix. It is calculated for each entry in the matrix. In our example, 4/7* /7*0.259=0.206 , 4/7*(-0.192)+3/7*(-0.286)= and 4/7* /7*2.142=1.689 , therefore

22. C = The inverse of covariance matrix is : C-1 =

23. P = prior probability vector (each row represent prior probability of group ). If we do not know the prior probability, we just assume it is equal to total sample of each group divided by the total samples, that is
p = =

24. discriminant function
We should assign object k to group i that has maximum fi

26. LDA

27. Tugas
Gunakan excel/matlab/tools lain untuk mengklasifikasi data set breast tissue secara :
Naïve Bayes
LDA
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