1. Cellula r Energ y Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

2. Metabolis m All of an organism’s life- sustaining chemical reactions Set of transformations of matter and energy in body. Two categories of Metabolism: Catabolism: the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration  Breaking down (breaking bonds) releases energy Anabolism: the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids.  Building up (forming bonds) stores energy.

3. Chemical energy and food  Food energy can’t be directly used by cells; must be converted ATP  Adenosine Tri-Phosphate  Energy stored in phosphate (chemical) bonds ADP  Adenosine Di-Phosphate  Energy released when phosphate bond is broken Energy and Life Chemical Pathways

4. Energy and exercise How cells obtain energy from ATP  Quick energy (needed for short bursts) First, cells utilize stored ATP Second option, Lactic acid fermentation (if oxygen deficient)  Long term energy (needed for endurance) Cellular respiration releases energy slower than fermentation Glycogen (stored sugar) used in first 20 minutes of exercise Fat tissue used after first 15 – 20 minutes

5. C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) Cellular Respiration 1)Glycolysis 2)Krebs Cycle 3)Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

6. 1.Glycolysis  Glucose “karate-chopped” in cytoplasm  1 glucose  2 pyruvic acid  Produces 2 ATP (also 2 NADH) 2.Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)  Pyruvic acid enters mitochondria  Carbon atoms rearranged to CO 2  Produces 2 ATP (also NADH & FADH 2 ) 3.Electron Transport Chain (ETC)  Uses energy from the electrons of NADH and FADH 2 to produce 34 ATP H+ ions diffuse across mitochondrial membrane  Oxygen is the final electron and H + acceptor, forming H 2 O (water)

7. Cellular Respiration

8.  “Anaerobic Respiration” (occurs in absence of oxygen)  Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid or alcohol  Lactic acid fermentation:  Occurs in muscle cells of Animalia (and in some bacteria)  Pyruvic acid + NADH  lactic acid + NAD +  Ex: Making yogurt, buttermilk, pickles, sauerkraut, kimchi  Alcoholic fermentation:  Occurs in most yeast and bacterial species  Pyruvic acid + NADH  alcohol + CO 2 + NAD +  Ex: Making bread or alcohol Fermentati on

9. Energy (sunlight) + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose)+ 6O 2 Photosynth esis 1)Light Dependent Reactions 2)Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

10.  Light Dependent Reactions  Occur in thylakoid of a chloroplast  Produces ATP and NADPH (another energy carrier), as well as O 2 waste  Pigments (like chlorophyll) must first absorb energy from sunlight  Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)  Occur in the stroma of a chloroplast  Carbon fixation: CO 2 converted into 3-carbon sugar  3-carbon sugars can be used to form various simple/complex carbohydrates  Requires ATP and NADPH energy from Light Dependent Reactions