1. Local authorities and local democracy

2. We need Clear Framing & Positions  Is local democracy your responsibility?  Yes – you are mucking in it  P.E. of knowledge – so you need to understand it.  Can you define representation or democracy  What is decentralization?  Is it really Political, Administrative, Fiscal?  Why does representation matter?  Does capacity really matter?  Why do Discourse, Law and Practice differ? PE?

3. Defining Local Authorities/Institutions? Too Vague! -Authority = legitimate power -What defines local categories of institution – their relations of accountability! -Politics of Choice? YOU ARE CHOOSING. Choosing  Responsibility Elected Local Government Administrative Local Authority Customary Authority NGO PVO CBO Individual or Corporation 3rd Sector Government Public-Private Spectrum Private Public Participation

4. Power Transfers Defining Decentralization Central Government Ministries: -Health -Environment -Education…. Elected Local Government Administrative Local Authority Customary Authority NGO PVO CBO Individual or Corporation Democratic Decentralization Deconcentration (Administrative Decentralization) 3rd Sector Government Public-Private Spectrum Private Public Participation ? Donors Big NGOs

5. Power Transfers Other Transfers Privatizations? Central Government Ministries: -Health -Environment -Education…. Elected Local Government Administrative Local Authority Customary Authority NGO PVO CBO Individual or Corporation Privatization Hybrids? 3rd Sector Government Non-market Privatization Public-Private Spectrum Private Public Participation Donors Big NGOs

6. Power Transfers Other Transfers Central Government Ministries: -Health -Environment -Education…. Elected Local Government Administrative Local Authority Customary Authority NGO PVO CBO Donors Big NGOs Individual or Corporation 3rd Sector Government Public-Private Spectrum Private Public Participation Contracts, Delegations. Transfers

7. Power Transfers Decentralization Central Government Ministries: -Health -Environment -Education…. Elected Local Government Administrative Local Authority Customary Authority NGO PVO CBO Donors Big NGOs Individual or Corporation Democratic Decentralization Deconcentration (Administrative Decentralization) Privatization Hybrids? 3rd Sector Government Non-market Privatization Decentralization Public-Private Spectrum Private Public Participation Contracts, Delegations Transfers,

8. Power Transfers Not Decentralization Central Government Ministries: -Health -Environment -Education…. Elected Local Government Administrative Local Authority Customary Authority NGO PVO CBO Donors Big NGOs Individual or Corporation Democratic Decentralization Deconcentration (Administrative Decentralization) Privatization Hybrids? 3rd Sector Government Non-market Privatization Not Decentralization Public-Private Spectrum Private Public Participation Contracts, Delegations Transfers,

9. Power Transfers Defining Decentralization Central Government Ministries: -Health -Environment -Education…. Democratic Local Government Administrative Local Authority Customary Authority NGO PVO CBO Donors Big NGOs Individual or Corporation Democratic Decentralization Deconcentration (Administrative Decentralization) Privatization Hybrids? 3rd Sector Government Non-market Privatization Decentralization Not Decentralization Public-Private Spectrum Private Public Participation Contracts & Delegations

10. Why does Local Representation Matter? Advertised Benefits  Enfranchisement, Equity, Efficiency, Development, Better Management, Service Delivery, Benefit retention, Sustainability  Poverty Reduction HYPOTHESIZED Mechanisms  Local Authorities are believed to:  Better match services to needs and aspirations (public choice theory)  Reduce transaction costs (new institutional econ) by proximity allowing:  Mobilizing local knowledge and skills for collective/public good  Mobilizing local labor for collective projects  Improved coordination among local programs  Balance of negative and positive outcomes in decision making (economic theory of “internalizing externalities”)  Instantiate environmental subjectivities (environmentality)  Democracy as good in and of itself.  Integration  If local, the above factors internalize local needs (across sectors & over territories) in decision making. Modern form of IRD.  ALL of the above IMPLY INCLUSION MECHANISM: REPRESENTATION *With* POWERS & Accountability  Institutional Sustainability -- & Territorial Generalizability

11. Elements of Effective Decentralization Positive Outcomes are Expected from:  Local Institutions  Actors/Local Authorities  Entrusted with Powers  executive, legislative, judicial: discretion + capabilities to exercise them [i.e. supply side of government]  these give people something to demand  That are Accountable to the Local Population  [i.e. mechanisms that establish the demand side of government]   Actors, Powers and Accountability ARE THE ELEMENTS WE EXAMINE IN OUR RESEARCH

12. REPRESENTATION Preferences Signals Mandates PoliciesOutcomes Responsiveness (by Authorities) Accountability (by Population) Sanctions = Responsiveness &/or Accountability  Actors + Powers + Accountability = Substantive Democracy

13. Actors, Powers, Accountabilities Choice  Actors/Authorities – who do you ‘choose’ to partner with?  Powers – which powers to you need in the local arena  For Responsiveness  For Citizenship  Subsidiarity?  Accountabilities – which accountability mechanisms matter?

14. Central Government Ministries: -Health -Environment -Education…. Elected Local Government Administrative Local Authority Customary Authority NGO PVO CBO Donors Big NGOs Individual or Corporation Democratic Decentralization Deconcentration Privatization Non-market Privatization Participation ? Local Populations ?? Power Transfer Accountability Contracts, Delegations Transfers, Accountabilities Define Institutions

15. Central Government Ministries: -Health -Environment -Education…. Democratic Local Government Administrative Local Authority Customary Authority NGO PVO CBO Donors Big NGOs Individual or Corporation Democratic Decentralization Deconcentration Privatization Non-market Privatization Participation ? Local Populations ?? Power Transfer Ability to Sanction Contracts & Delegations Sanctions Define Institutions

16. The End of Discussion I Discussion II: Session 5.4. Natural Resources/ Choice and Recognition

17. The End