1. Interest Rates I: Money & Banking - ECO 473 - Dr. D. Foster The Basics

2. What is interest? Payment made to savers to compensate them for foregoing consumption. “The most powerful force in the universe is compound interest.” Interest rates embody our expectations of the future.

3. What affects interest? Who cares? Time value of money Liquidity Risk Savers Borrowers Policymakers Forecasters

4. Calculating Interest i N = C/F Nominal yield: i N = C/F i C = C/P Current yield: i C = C/P Yield to maturity (YTM)... interest return if bond held to maturity i = nominal interest rate aka, coupon yield

5. Using interest rates to price bonds present values Relates to discounting into present values PV = $X/[(1+i) n ] PV = $X/[(1+i) n ] PV is the market price, or.....set equation = price and solve for i (which is the YTM) Price = C/i Special case: Perpetuity Price = C/i YTM if P=$950, C=$60, n=3?

6. $1 today is worth more than $1 tomorrow PV shows the “discounted” value of future $ FV show the “compounded” value of present $ $X$X·(1+i) n $X today = $X·(1+i) n in n years You have $1000 now; i=5%, n=18. What is FV? You get $1000 in 9 years; i=7%. What is PV? Present & Future Values

7.  Bond Price will  interest rate Monetary policy: buys  GDP Fed buys bonds - price rises - interest rates fall - spending rises -  GDP sells  Inflation Fed sells bonds - price falls - interest rates rise - spending falls -  Inflation

8. Getting from bond purchases to interest rates Face value (FV) $$$ mm/yyyy $ $ $ $ $ $ Bond Maturity date (in n years) Coupons & value (C) When the Fed buys bonds, their prices will ___ and interest rates will ___. sells Usually, we talk of annual coupons Market price of the bond = present value of income stream discounted at interest rate i :

9. Bond Pricing Worksheet I 1.A bond has a face value (FV) of $1000, will mature in 2023 and has an annual coupon of $74 and the market rate of interest is 8.1%. a)What is the current market price of this bond? b)Suppose that interest rates change such that the current yield on this bond is 7.067%. What will be the market price for this bond? From this find the current market interest rate. c)Suppose that when the bond was first sold, it’s market price was $1000. What must have been the market rate of interest then? 2.Consider a bond with FV=$1000, maturity = 2025, C=$81 and i=7.25% a)What is the current price of this bond? b)If the Fed jumps into the bond market, even though it just buys U.S. Treasuries, it will affect all interest rates to some extent. If they buy lots of bonds and interest rates fall to 6.88%, what will happen to the price of your bond? 3.The bond in #2 was given to you by your kindly aunt. She told you it matures in 2025, but her eyesight isn’t so good. You take a close look at the bond and see that it matures in 2021. Market i=7.25%. a)What is the price of this bond? Why is it different than what you calculated in #2a?

10. Quick Hits A wide spectrum of interest rates: Federal Funds rate Prime rate 30 year bond rate (r)= i -  Real interest rate (r)= i -  (  = inflation) Note, this can only be calculated for past. i = r e +  e Note, i = r e +  e (e = expected values for r &  )

11. Real and Nominal Interest Rates, 1980-2015 Nominal interest rate on 3 month Treasuries and real interest; derived as (3 month rate - CPI).

12. Interest Rates I: Money & Banking - ECO 473 - Dr. D. Foster The Basics