1. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 1 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR STEPHEN P. ROBBINS Reporter: Debbie Pi 2007/10/04 Chapter 9: Foundations of Group Behavior

2. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 2 Outline l The Introduction of Group l Defining & classifying Groups l Why people join groups l Stages of Group Development l The Five-Stage Model l Punctuated-equilibrium Model: For temporary Groups w/ Deadline l Group Properties l Roles, Norms, Status, Size, and Cohesiveness l Group Decision Making l Groups versus the individual l Groupthink and Groupshift l Groups decision-making techniques

3. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 3 Introduction This session is about the concept of groups

4. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 4 Introduction This session is about classifying groups Formal Group Informal Group

5. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 5 Introduction why people join groups l Security: Individuals can reduce the insecurity of “standing alone” l Status: It provides recognition and status. l Self-esteem: It provides people the feelings of self-worth. l Affiliation: It can fulfill individuals social needs. l Power: It often makes what can not be achieved by individuals possible. l Goal Achievement: The use of formal group w/ talent, knowledge, or power to achieve a particular task.

6. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 6 Outline l The Introduction of Group l Defining & classifying Groups l Why people join groups l Stages of Group Development l The Five-Stage Model l Punctuated-equilibrium Model: For temporary Groups w/ Deadline l Group Properties l Roles, Norms, Status, Size, and Cohesiveness l Group Decision Making l Groups versus the individual l Groupthink and Groupshift l Groups decision-making techniques

7. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 7 Stages of Group Development The Five-Stage Model

8. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 8 Sequence of actions: l Setting group direction l First phase of inertia l Half-way point transition l Major changes l Second phase of inertia l Accelerated activity Stages of Group Development Punctuated-equilibrium Model

9. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 9 Stages of Group Development Punctuated-equilibrium Model (Cont’d)

10. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 10 Outline l The Introduction of Group l Defining & classifying Groups l Why people join groups l Stages of Group Development l The Five-Stage Model l Punctuated-equilibrium Model: For temporary Groups w/ Deadline l Group Properties l Roles, Norms, Status, Size, and Cohesiveness l Group Decision Making l Groups versus the individual l Groupthink and Groupshift l Groups decision-making techniques

11. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 11 Group Properties Roles We are required to play a number of diverse roles.

12. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 12 Group Properties Roles (Cont’d)

13. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 13 Group Properties Norms Classes of Norms: l Performance norms l Appearance norms l Social arrangement norms l Allocation of resources norms

14. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 14 Group Properties Norms (Cont’d)

15. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 15 Group Properties Norms (Cont’d) Examples of Cards Used in Asch’s Study

16. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 16 Group Properties Norms (Cont’d)

17. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 17 Group Properties Status l Status and Norms High status members of groups are given more freedom to deviate from norms and also are better able to resist conformity pressures than other group members. l Status and Group interaction Interaction among members of groups is influenced by status. Lower-status members tend to be less active participants in group discussion. l Status Inequity When inequity is perceived, it creates disequilibrium, which results in various types of corrective behavior.

18. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 18 Group Properties Status (Cont’d) Group Norms Status Equity CultureCulture Group Member Status

19. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 19 Group Properties Size Other conclusions: Odd number groups do better than even. Groups of 5 or 7 perform better overall than larger or smaller groups. Smaller groups are faster at completing task. Large groups are good for gaining diverse input and problem solving.

20. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 20 Group Properties Size (Cont’d) Cyberloafing: The act of employees use their organization's internet access for personal purpose during work hours. Reasons: To reduce the efforts to reestablish equity The dispersion of responsibility Implications: Means by which individual efforts can be identified Not consistent w/ collective society

21. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 21 Group Properties Cohesiveness Increasing group cohesiveness: Make the group smaller. Encourage agreement with group goals. Increase time members spend together. Increase group status and admission difficultly. Stimulate competition with other groups. Give rewards to the group, not individuals. Physically isolate the group.

22. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 22 Group Properties Cohesiveness (Cont’d)

23. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 23 Outline l The Introduction of Group l Defining & classifying Groups l Why people join groups l Stages of Group Development l The Five-Stage Model l Punctuated-equilibrium Model: For temporary Groups w/ Deadline l Group Properties l Roles, Norms, Status, Size, and Cohesiveness l Group Decision Making l Groups versus the individual l Groupthink and Groupshift l Groups decision-making techniques

24. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 24 Group Decision Making Groups versus the individual l Strengths l More complete information l Increased diversity of views l Higher quality of decisions l Increased acceptance of solutions l Weaknesses l More time consuming l Increased pressure to conform l Domination by one or a few members l Ambiguous responsibility

25. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 25 Group Decision Making Groups versus the individual (Cont’d) GroupsIndividuals AccuracyMoreLess CreativityMoreLess SpeedSlowerFaster AcceptanceMoreLess

26. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 26 Group Decision Making Groupthink and Groupshift

27. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 27 Group Decision Making Group decision-making techniques

28. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 28 Group Decision Making Group decision-making techniques (Cont’d) Evaluation Group Effectiveness

29. SEMINAR in OB National Central University / Slide 29 Summary l The definition of groups l Two models of group development l The relationships between Group Properties ( Roles, Norms, Status, Size, and Cohesiveness) and Performance l Social loafing and its effect on group performance l The benefits and disadvantage of cohesive groups l The effectiveness of 4 Group decision-making techniques (Interacting, Brainstorming, Nominal, and Electronic)