1. John Steinbeck THE PEARL

2.  A form of extended metaphor in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself.  Moral, social, religious, or political significance.  Characters are often personifications of abstract ideas.  Ex. charity, greed, or envy ALLEGORY

3.  A short allegorical story designed to illustrate or teach some truth, religious principle, or moral lesson. PARABLE

4.  A literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that suggested that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character.  Views humans as victims of fate.  Characters are victims of environmental forces and internal drives.  Focused on the harsh realities of life.  Ex. poverty, racism, violence, and corruption. NATURALISM

5.  The human struggle against forces beyond our control  Nature is indifferent to human struggle  Humans are instinctive animals  Death is natural  Life is a sequence of events in a cause/effect chain ELEMENTS OF NATURALISM