1. Good bye!! Cold tropopause 気候物理コアモデル改良サブグルー プ 渡辺真吾 ?

2. What ’ s cold bias? JJA Temperature biases -10 +10

3. Underestimation of shortwave heating rate? Shortwave heating rate [K/day] in the tropics (10S-10N) ; Jan mstrn8 UM GSM/JMA

4. New radiation code mstrnX (radX) Newer release of HITRAN (HIgh- resolution TRANsmission molecular absorption database) HITRAN`92 ⇒ HITRAN`00 Highly optimized integration scheme for K-distribution method

5. Improvement in the shortwave heating rate Shortwave heating rate [K/day] in the tropics (10S-10N) ; Jan mstrn8 UM GSM/JMA mstrnX

6. Temperature profiles in the tropics (10S-10N); January ERA40 mstrn8 mstrnX mstrnX_noGWD

7. Meridional structure? JJA Temperature biases -10 +10

8. Moist / Dry biases JJA humidity biases [%difference] -100 +100

9. Summary #.1 The cold tropopause has been caused by shortcomings of the previous radiation code. Temperature and humidity biases were significantly reduced. Some tuning parameters (e.g., GWD) must be re-concerned.

10. How about lower resolution models? JJA Temperature biases -10 +10

11. JJA Temperature biases -10 +10

12. Moist / Dry biases JJA humidity biases [%difference] -100 +100

13. Cloud water distribution JJA cloud water [kg/kg] 0 5x10-5

14. Why cold & moist biases are still significant in T21L40? Lower vertical resolution near the tropopause (dZ=~1.5 km) Lower horizontal resolution; 5.6 Insufficient GWD? Physical processes (all parameters are tuned for T106+full physics)