1. Slide 1 Minerals

2. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 2 Key Concept The human body requires a variety of minerals in different amounts to perform numerous metabolic tasks. A mixed diet of varied foods and adequate energy value is the best source of the minerals necessary for health. Of the total amount of minerals a person consumes, only a relatively limited amount is available to the body.

3. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 3 Classes of body minerals 1-Major minerals: defined as those requiring intake more than 100 mg\day. Include Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfur. 2-Trace elements: defined as those requiring intake less than 100 mg\day. Include iron, iodine, fluoride, zinc, copper, manganese,….

4. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 4 Functions of minerals They build, activate, regulate, transmit, and controlling …. Mineral metabolism  Digestion  Absorption  Transport

5. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 5 1- Major Minerals Calcium( Ca ++) 8.5-10.5 mg/dL  Functions: Bone and tooth formation Blood clotting Muscle and nerve action  Deficiency diseases: rickets, osteoporosis.  Toxicity symptoms: high risk to kidney stones  Food sources: milk products….

6. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 6 Rickets

7. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 7 1- Major Minerals 1- Major Minerals Phosphorus (P) Functions:  Bone and tooth formation  Energy metabolism  Acid-base balance Deficiency states: rickets, osteoporosis Toxicity symptoms: high risk to kidney stones Food sources: milk, meat, fish, eggs …

8. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 8 1- Major Minerals 1- Major Minerals Sodium (Na+) 135-145 mEq/L Functions:  Water balance” extracellular”  Acid - base balance  Muscle action  Nutrient absorption Deficiency states: muscles cramps, water balance problems. Toxicity symptoms: HTN, edema,... Food sources: table salt, milk,,….

9. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 9 1- Major Minerals 1- Major Minerals Potassium (k) 3.5-5.3 mEq/L Functions: 1. Water balance” intracellular” 2. Muscle action 3. Insulin release 4. Decreasing blood pressure Deficiency states: Heart muscle problems, cardiac arrest, respiratory muscles weakness, breathing difficulties, poor intestinal tone. Toxicity symptoms: cardiac muscle weakness or may be arrest. Food sources: banana, orange, milk,…

10. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 10 1- Major Minerals 1- Major Minerals Chloride (Cl+) Functions:  Digestion “HCL”  Respiration” Chloride ions move the RBCs to carry CO2 to lungs” Deficiency states: disturbance in acid –base Food sources: NaCl salt

11. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 11 1- Major Minerals 1- Major Minerals Magnesium (Mg) Magnesium (Mg) Functions: Functions:  General metabolism  Protein synthesis  Muscle action  Basal metabolic rate” thyroid gland” Deficiency states: weakness, cramps,.. Toxicity symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Food sources: nuts, cocoa, seafood,..

12. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 12 1- Major Minerals 1- Major Minerals Sulfur (So4) Functions:  Hair, skin, and nails  General metabolic functions  Vitamin structure  Collagen structure Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources: meat, milk, nuts,…

13. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 13 2- Trace Elements Iron (Fe+2)  Functions: Hemoglobin synthesis General metabolism  Deficiency states: Major condition: iron deficiency anemia.  Toxicity symptoms :Single large dose can be fatal.  S+S: nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. chronic elevated levels of iron in the body can increase risk of heart diseases, GI upsets and cancer.  Food sources: meat (liver),eggs,vegetables

14. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 14 2- Trace Elements Iodine (I-): Functions: Participate in the thyroid gland’s synthesis of thyroxin hormone (controlled by TSH Deficiency states  Goiter “Thyroid gland enlargement “  Cretinism” Congenital lack of iodine) characterized by physical deformity, dwarfism, and mental retardation.”  Hypothyroidism (Myxedema) (Decreased production of T4)  Hyperthyroidism (Excessive production of T4) Food sources: Sea foods, iodized table salt

15. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 15 Goiter

16. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 16 Other Trace Elements Fluoride Copper Manganese Chromium Molybdenum Other essential trace elements

17. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 17 Mineral Supplementation Life cycle needs  Pregnancy and lactation  Adolescence  Adulthood Clinical needs  Iron-deficiency anemia  Weight-loss programs  Potassium-losing drugs