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STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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Called three things: 1. Membrane— because it covers the body 2. Organ— because it contains several kinds of tissues 3. System— because it contains organs that work together to perform specific functions
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Protection: Chemical, Physical, Biological Body Temperature Regulation Storage Absorption Excretion Production or Metabolic Functions
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Outer layer/no blood vessels 95% of the cells are keratinocytes—keratin Five different sub-layers New skin cells-basal layer Change from square to flat as move to the surface Very tough; withstand scuffs and scrapes Melanocytes and Langerhans cells 25-45 days Function-continuous supply of new skin cells, resists friction, waterproof, and prevents water loss
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Stratum corneum (Horny layer) 15-25 layers of dead, flat, squamous, epithelial cells. Thicker over soles and palms Stratum lucidum (clear layer) only located in the thicker areas Stratum granulosum (Granular layer) waterproofing with keratin and lipids Stratum spinosum (Prickly layer) usually the thickest layer, Langerhans cells—part of the immune response Stratum basale (Basal cell layer) stem cells, keratinocytes, Merkel cells, and melanocytes
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Thicker than the epidermis Provides epidermis with nutrients Strong and flexible Fibroblast cells—collagen and elastin “body stocking” Two layers: Papillary and Reticular Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, and sense receptors
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Papillary Phagocytes Friction Ridges and fingerprints Reticular 80% of the thickness of the dermis Tension or cleavage lines Flexure lines
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http://www.google.com/imgres?q=friction+ridges+and+fingerprints&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=709&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=ffXiT SkxjG475M:&imgrefurl=http://jyotishmanrocks.blogspot.com/2011/05/invention-of- fingerprint.html&docid=PuqbsKJhPHg6QM&imgurl=http://daphnecaruanagalizia.com/wp- content/uploads/2010/06/fingerprint- 207x300.jpg&w=207&h=300&ei=AXrVTq2GIcSqgweGodi6AQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=447&vpy=139&dur=1390&hovh=240&hovw= 165&tx=120&ty=139&sig=108715678895446932678&page=1&tbnh=159&tbnw=110&start=0&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=friction+ridges+and+fingerprints&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=709&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbn id=v82nYzyzRpRjiM:&imgrefurl=http://quizlet.com/2728226/chapter-5-the-integumentary-system-flash- cards/&docid=QLSAz2WRh1AjuM&imgurl=http://i.quizlet.com/i/IAGlRO2vQXC5AKWB8U6_Hg_m.jpg&w=238&h=240&e i=AXrVTq2GIcSqgweGodi6AQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=913&vpy=314&dur=121&hovh=192&hovw=190&tx=92&ty=133&sig =108715678895446932678&page=1&tbnh=160&tbnw=112&start=0&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0
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http://www.google.com/imgres?q=tension+lines+dermis&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=709&gbv=2&tbm=isch& tbnid=mbiY7-q7wRcr-M:&imgrefurl=http://teleanatomy.com/introductiontoanatomy- Skin.html&docid=5lxpGgsXiqcP9M&imgurl=http://teleanatomy.com/General%252520Anatomy/Introduct ion%252520to%252520Anatomy%2525203rd%252520Edition/Skin_files/image020.jpg&w=576&h=668&ei=q 3fVTuXTD4PDgQe89smYAQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=264&vpy=142&dur=49085&hovh=242&hovw=208&tx=5 3&ty=257&sig=108715678895446932678&page=1&tbnh=168&tbnw=145&start=0&ndsp=23&ved=1t:429,r: 1,s:0
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Not considered a skin layer Subcutaneous tissue Fat, blood vessels, and sensory receptors Cushions and insulates
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MELANOCYTES Everyone has the same # Difference comes from the kind and amount of melanin made and retained Protection from the sun Freckles and moles CAROTENE Yellow to orange pigment, converted to Vitamin A Asian Palms, heels, and soles of feet HEMOGLOBIN Rosy complexion in fair skin
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Cyanosis Poor oxygenation Albino Absence of color pigment Erythema Redness Pallor, blanching Loss of color Jaundice Yellow cast Bronzing Copper color Hematomas Black and blue marks/bruising
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Sweat Glands or sudoriferous glands Up to 3 million per person Two types: eccrine and apocrine Eccrine—99% water Primary purpose is to prevent overheating Heat induced sweating begins on the forehead Emotionally induced begins on the palms, soles, and axillae Sebaceous Glands Oil glands Everywhere except palms and soles Sebum Blemishes
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Hair Follicles and Hair Millions cover our bodies except….. Protection Pigment/Color—melanocytes Red hair—pigment containing iron Gray or white hair—decreased melanin Arrector pili—”raiser of hair” muscle and secretes sebum out of the hair follicle Normal hair loss Fastest hair growth Nutrition and hormones Hirsutism Alopecia Baldness Hair thinning
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Our “hooves” or “claws” Protect fingers and toes Useful as “tools” Dead keratinized epidermal epithelial cells Pink from rich bed of capillaries in the underlying dermis Nail matrix Changes in nail appearance: Yellow-tinged Thickened Outward, concavity (spoon nail) Horizontal lines (Beau’s lines)
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