1. Cell Therapy in CV Disease: Newest Evidence

2. 2 Induction of pluripotent stem cells from human fibroblasts Study Source of fibroblasts Transcription factors Yield (iPS colonies/ 10 6 fibroblasts) Takahashi, 2007 Adult dermisOct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc ~200 Yu, 2007 Postnatal foreskin Oct4, Sox2, NANOG, Lin28 ~95 Takahashi K et al. Cell. 2007. Yu J et al. Science. 2007. Transcription factors introduced via retroviral transduction iPS = induced pluripotent stem cells

3. 3 Evidence for successful reprogramming of human fibroblasts* Morphologic similarities with human embryonic stem (ES) cells Expression of surface antigens found in ES Telomerase activity Ability to sustain continuous culture Expression of pluripotency-associated genes Pluripotency demonstrated in vivo via teratoma formation in mice Takahashi K et al. Cell. 2007. Yu J et al. Science. 2007. *Demonstrated in both studies.

4. 4 Effects of composite transcription factor modulation of human fibroblasts: Conclusions Induced pluripotent stem cells can be generated from human fibroblasts by retroviral transduction of transcription factors Use of vectors that may integrate into genome, introducing mutations, precludes any clinical application at present Takahashi K et al. Cell. 2007. Yu J et al. Science. 2007.