2. FUSION AND FISSION

3. Every second, the sun converts 500 million metric tons of hydrogen to helium. Due to the process of fusion, 5 million metric tons of excess material is converted into energy in each second. This means that every year, 157,680,000,000,000 metric tons are converted into energy. THE SUN

4. Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus. It is accompanied by the release or absorption of energy depending on the masses of the nuclei involved.

5. Nuclear Fusion Iron and nickel nuclei have the largest binding energies per nucleon of all nuclei and therefore are the most stable.

6. Nuclear Fusion The fusion of two nuclei lighter than iron or nickel generally releases energy. The fusion of nuclei heavier than them absorbs energy.

7. Complete the Reaction 1H 4 Be 1H1H 8O8O 2 He 1H1H 6C6C 1 H element atomic number (protons) 6C6C

8. Learning Check What process creates energy in the Sun? Fusion of hydrogen into helium in the Sun’s core generates the Sun’s energy. How long ago did fusion generate the energy we now receive as sunlight? Fusion created the energy we receive today about a million years ago. This is the time it takes for photons and then convection to transport energy through the solar interior to the photosphere. Once sunlight emerges from the photosphere, it takes only about 8 minutes to reach Earth.

9. NUCLEAR FISSION A reaction in which an atomic nucleus of a radioactive element splits by bombardment from an external source, with simultaneous release of large amounts of energy, used for electric power generation

10. Nuclear Fission Neutron induced in U 235 Fission is Exothermic The sum of the masses of the resulting nuclei is less than the original mass (about 0.1% less) The “missing mass” is converted to energy according to E=mc 2

11. Neutrons may: 1 - Cause another fission by colliding with a U 235 nucleus 2 - Be absorbed in other material 3 - Lost in the system If sufficient neutrons are present, we may achieve a chain reaction Each split (fission) is accompanied by a large quantity of E-N-E-R-G-Y Creates two smaller nuclides and free neutrons The free neutrons potentially collide with nearby U 235 nuclei May cause the nuclide to split as well

12. Fission can be controlled… So energy is released more slowly.  Neutron moderation is a process that sows down neutrons so the reactor fuel (uranium or plutonium) captures them to continue the chain reaction  Neutron absorption decreases the number of slow moving neutrons

13. Fission can be controlled… Why must neutrons in a reactor be slowed down?  So the reactor fuel can capture them to continue the chain reaction… thus more energy is produced

14. So why is this so important to us?

15. U.S. Electrical Power Production by Source Source: EIA (2004)

16. Nuclear Fuel Costs Nuclear Fuel Costs Include – Uranium – Enrichment – Manufacturing – Waste Disposal Total Nuclear Fuel Cost is Only About 0.5 cents per kilowatt-hour – Uranium accounts for only about 20% of this cost or 0.1 cents per kilowatt-hour – Increasing Uranium Cost has Minimal Impact

17. Review Nuclear fission: A large nucleus splits into several small nuclei when impacted by a neutron, and energy is released in this process Nuclear fusion: Several small nuclei fuse together and release energy.

18. One final thought… What about nuclear waste from the process?

19. Fuel rods are a hugh source of nuclear waste The rods are made from uranium-235 or plutonium-239, which are both fissionable isotopes Once the rods are “spent” they are still considered high-level nuclear waste because they continue to emit radiation They are placed in holding tanks or storage pools

20. Make a list of growing concerns

21. the growing concerns… The rods spend years in the storage tanks Its cheaper to mine new sources of isotope than it is to recycle the isotope remaining in the rods The rods are moved to an off-site storage facility and are taking up LOTS of room The DOE is responsible for cleaning up nuclear sites and managing their waste