2.  Basic characteristics  Classification  Grouping of species  Pathogenesis  Lab diagnosis

3.  Kingdom – Bacteria  Phylum - Firmicutes  Class – Bacili  Order – Lactobacillales  Family – Streptococcaceae  Genus - Streptococcus  Species – 22 sp.  Kingdom – Bacteria  Phylum - Firmicutes  Class – Bacili  Order – Lactobacillales  Family – Streptococcaceae  Genus - Streptococcus  Species – 22 sp.

4.  Gram-positive  Lactic acid bacteria group  Spherical  Grow in chain (twisted) or pairs  Mostly are facultative anaerobes

5.  Available in food such as Emmentaler (Swiss) cheese  Normal flora of the mouth, skin, intestine and upper respiratory tract of humans

7. Lancerfield serotyping Based on carbohydrates in the bacterial cell wall Group A – V (exp, I and J) Beta hemolysis Viridans groups S.pneumoniae separated group Alpha hemolysis

8. β hemolysis  Colonies surrounded with a zone complete of haemolysis (decolorize of hemoglobin)  More marked when incubate anaerobically

9.  Surrounded by an area of partial haemolysis  Green-brown colour (reduced haemoglobin)  Consist of pneumococci and viridans group( alpha hemolytic and no Lancerfield antigens

11. S.pyogenes (Group A)  Acute sore throat  Scarlet fever  Ear infections  Peurperal sepsis  Septicemia and occasionally endocarditis  Skin infection such as celulitis and impetigo

12. From the implication of pathogenesis, it will leads to a serious stage of diseases:  Acute glomerulonephritis  Rheumatic fever

13. By S. pyogenes  Streptolysin O  Streptolysin S  Streptokinase (cause fibrinolysis)  Hyarulonidase  DNAses  DPNAse  Erythrogenic toxin By S. pyogenes  Streptolysin O  Streptolysin S  Streptokinase (cause fibrinolysis)  Hyarulonidase  DNAses  DPNAse  Erythrogenic toxin

14. S.Agalactiae (Group B)  Neonatal septicaemia, pneumoniae, meningitis  Septic abortion and peurperal sepsis Enterococci (Group D)  Urinary tract infection  Infections of ulcer and wounds  Endocarditis and meningitis Viridans  Endocarditis  Dental caries  Brain abscess S.Agalactiae (Group B)  Neonatal septicaemia, pneumoniae, meningitis  Septic abortion and peurperal sepsis Enterococci (Group D)  Urinary tract infection  Infections of ulcer and wounds  Endocarditis and meningitis Viridans  Endocarditis  Dental caries  Brain abscess

16.  Gram positive (purple)  Non-motile  Long chains  Sometimes in pair  Gram positive (purple)  Non-motile  Long chains  Sometimes in pair

17.  Aerobically and anaerobically  Temperature between (22 – 42 o C)  And enterococci are between (15 – 45 o C)  On BA, colony usually less than 1 mm in diameter  Grey – white or colourless  Dry / shiny, irregular outline  Most of the pathogenic streptococcus producing hemolysins

18.  Produce beta hemolysis  Sensitive to bacitracin (can’t rely 100% to it, coz not only group A sensitive to it) but for viridans it is resistance towards bacitracin  A selective BA containing crystal violet was suggested  Does not grow in MacConkey agar  Produce beta hemolysis  Sensitive to bacitracin (can’t rely 100% to it, coz not only group A sensitive to it) but for viridans it is resistance towards bacitracin  A selective BA containing crystal violet was suggested  Does not grow in MacConkey agar

19.  Optochin resistant but S.pneumoniae is sensitive  Beta hemolysis in BA  In serum starch agar, it produces orange pigment  Optochin resistant but S.pneumoniae is sensitive  Beta hemolysis in BA  In serum starch agar, it produces orange pigment

20. SpeciesCatalaseBacitracinOptochinLitmus Milk CAMP S.pyogenes-+--- S. agalactiae----+ Enterococci---+- Viridans streptococci----- Pneumococci--+--

23.  Scientific classification  Introduction  Basic characteristics  Pathogenesis  Laboratory diagnosis

24.  Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobacteria Class: Beta Proteobacteria Order: Neisseriales Family: Neisseriaceae Genus: Neisseria Species: N. gonorrhoeaeBacteriaProteobacteriaBeta ProteobacteriaNeisserialesNeisseriaceaeNeisseria  Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobacteria Class: Beta Proteobacteria Order: Neisseriales Family: Neisseriaceae Genus: Neisseria Species: N. gonorrhoeaeBacteriaProteobacteriaBeta ProteobacteriaNeisserialesNeisseriaceaeNeisseria

25.  also known as gonococci (plural), or gonococcus (singular),  Gram negative  Sexually transmitted diseases  These cocci are facultatively intracellular and typically appear in pairs (diplococci), in the shape of coffee beans.

26.  non-motile and possess a type IV pilus to adhere to surfaces.type IV pilus  The type IV pilus operates mechanistically similar to a grappling hook.grappling hook  The pilus extends from the pole of the cell and attaches to a substrate which signals the pilus to retract, dragging the cell forward.substrate

27.  Infection of the genitals can result in a purulent (or pus-like) discharge from the genitals which may be foul smelling. Symptoms may include inflammation, redness, swelling, dysuria and a burning sensation during urination.pusdysuriaurination

28.  Infection of the genitals in females with N. gonorrhoeae can result in pelvic inflammatory disease if left untreated, which can result in infertility.pelvic inflammatory disease  Pelvic inflammatory disease results if N. gonorrhoeae travels into the pelvic peritoneum (cause conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, proctitis or urethritis, prostatitis and orchitis. Pelvic inflammatory disease peritoneumconjunctivitispharyngitis proctitisurethritisprostatitisorchitis

31.  Temp 35 -37 degree celcius  The selective media is Modified New York City (MNYC)  usually isolated on Thayer-Martin agar—an agar plate containing antibiotics (Vancomycin, Colistin, Nystatin, and SXT)Thayer-Martin agar agar plateantibioticsVancomycinColistinNystatinSXT  nutrients that facilitate the growth of Neisseria species while inhibiting the growth of contaminating bacteria and fungi.  Bacteria should be protected from sunlight

32.  Further testing to differentiate the species includes testing for oxidase (all clinically relevant Neisseria show a positive reaction) and the carbohydrates maltose, sucrose, and glucose test in which N. gonorrhoeae will only oxidize (that is, utilize) the glucose.oxidasecarbohydratesmaltosesucrose glucose

34.  Scientific classification  Basic characteristics  Food production  Laboratory diagnosis

35. Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Lactobacillaceae Genus: LactobacillusFirmicutesBacilliLactobacillalesLactobacillaceae Species: 40++

36.  genus of Gram-positive genusGram-positive  Bacilus in shape  facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic bacteria. facultative anaerobicmicroaerophilic bacteria  a major part of the lactic acid bacteria group, named as such because most of its members convert lactose and other sugars to lactic acid.lactic acid bacterialactosesugarslactic acid

37.  They are common and usually benign. In humans they are present in the vagina [2] and the gastrointestinal tract, where they are symbiotic and make up a small portion of the gut flora.vagina [2] gastrointestinal tractsymbioticgut flora  Many species are prominent in decaying plant material. The production of lactic acid makes its environment acidic, which inhibits the growth of some harmful bacteria. Several members of the genus have had their genome sequencedgenome

38.  Some Lactobacillus species are used industrially for the production of yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, wine, cider, kimchi, chocolate, and other fermented foods, as well as animal feeds, such as silage.yogurt cheesesauerkrautpicklesbeerwinecider kimchichocolatefermentedsilage  Sourdough bread is made using a "starter culture," which is a symbiotic culture of yeast and lactic acid bacteria growing in a water and flour medium. Sourdoughyeastlactic acid bacteriawaterflourmedium

39.  Lactobacilli, especially L. casei and L. brevis, are some of the most common beer spoilage organisms. The species operate by lowering the pH of the fermenting substance by creating the lactic acid, neutralising it to the desired extent.L. caseiL. brevis

40.  Catalase negative  Not often isolated  Non motile bacteria  Non-sporing  Facultative anaerobes  Grow best in acid environment

42. Explain what happens in the following biochemical tests: i) Indole test ii) Methyl red test (8 marks) b) Write the scientific name of a bacterium that gave positive results for both tests. (2 marks)

43. State all group of gram positive and gram negative bacteria.