1. Music Or, a lecture to soothe the savage beast

2. Music Basics  What is music?  Sound and silence temporally organized  Sounds of music  Pitch, timbre, loudness  Scale  Sequential presentation of notes  Fundamental = note at scale base, bottom note of chord  Chord  Collection of notes played simultaneously

3. Timbre and Complexity  Harmonics  Notes at specific intervals that resonate above a fundamental  Vary in loudness  Onset, offset time  Characteristic harmonics determine timbre  Demo 1 - harmonic changes sound (track 53) Harmonics change the sound, NOT the pitch

4. Music Physics  Consonance  Intervals of notes that when played simultaneously sound good together  Synergistic overtones  Dissonance (Track 62)  Intervals of notes that when played together sound conflicting  Interference pattern between overtones

5. Structural Music  Scale perception  Western Music uses accents to structure sound  Asynchronous western scale  Whole step, whole step, half step, Whole step, whole step, whole step, half step  8 notes per scale, 16 notes available  Causes leading tones  Asynchronous scales  Whole tone scale  Chromatic (half-step scale)  Same notes, no structure

6. Music Training  Instrument specific  Present violin or trumpet to violinist or trumpeter (Pantev et al., 2001)  Event related potential (ERP)  Pattern, timing of neural response  Unspecified region  Instrument specific N1  Attention related negativity of neural response  Larger for own instrument

7. Brain Changes  Hemispheric Differences (e.g., Burton et al., 1989)  Musical categorization  Left or Right presentation; musician or non- musician  Musician = Right ear advantage; Non=Left ear advantage  Hemispheric specialization changes with training  Left brain: speech specialization, dynamic processing;Right brain: spatial processing  But see Zatorre (1979)

8. Bulk up the Brain  Brain topography of musicians (Gaser & Schlaug, 2003)  Increased gray matter for parietal areas(pianists)  Somatosensory, motor coordination  Multisensory combination (visual- auditory-somatosensory)  No differences in white matter  Areas of change and magnitude instrument specific