1. Quiz Date Thursday, May 5th

2.  Multiple Choice  Matching  True/False  Short Answer

3.  Use your notes (Unit 1)  Bacteria to Plants Book (Sections 1-3, 1-4, & 2-2)  Worksheets and Labs

4.  This review sheet covers the majority of the information on the test, but it may not cover all of it. It is always a good idea to reread the book sections, notes, & labs.

5.  1. Define classification and give an example of a classification system. ◦ The process of grouping things based on their similarities. ◦ All the kids in Wilmette are grouped into different grades (K-8) based on their ages and when they were born.

6.  2. What is taxonomy? A taxonomic key? ◦ The scientific study of how living things are classified ◦ A series of paired statements that describe the physical characteristics of different organisms.

7.  3. Using the taxonomic key on pg. 37, what is the identity of the organism in figure 16? ◦ Pseudoscorpion

8.  4. How did Aristotle classify organisms? ◦ Three groups:  Those that fly  Those that swim  Those that walk, crawl, or run

9.  5. How did Carolus Linnaeus classify organisms? ◦ Grouped organisms based on their observable features. He used his observations to devise a naming system for organisms – binomial nomenclature.

10.  6. What did Charles Darwin contribute to classification? ◦ Published a theory about how species change over time. ◦ Provided evidence that certain organisms are similar because they share similar evolutionary histories.

11.  7. What are the six kingdoms of life? ◦ Archaeabacteria ◦ Eubacteria ◦ Protists ◦ Fungi ◦ Plant ◦ Animal

12.  1. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic? ◦ Remember PRO rhymes with NO. ◦ Prokaryotic = No nucleus ◦ Eukaryotic = Has a nucleus

13.  2. What are the three shapes of bacteria? (Give their scientific and common names.)  Rod Shaped – Bacilli  Spiral – Spirilla  Round - Cocci

14.  3. What organelles does a bacteria cell contain? ◦ Cytoplasm ◦ Ribosomes ◦ Flagellum ◦ Cell Wall ◦ Cell Membrane

15.  4. Compare and contrast the two kingdoms of bacteria.  Both are unicellular and prokaryotic  Eubacteria: ◦ Live Everywhere ◦ Helpful Bacteria  Archaea bacteria: ◦ Chemical differences ◦ Extreme environments

16.  5. How are archaea bacteria classified? What about non-archaea (eu)bacteria?  Archaea: Classified by where they live  Eubacteria: The role they play in the environment

17.  6. What is an endospore? A flagellum? ◦ Endospore: Small, rounded, thick-walled, resting cell that forms inside a bacteria cell when conditions are unfavorable. ◦ Flagellum: Long, whiplike structure that extends out through a cell membrane and cell wall. It helps the cell move.

18.  7. What is binary fission? ◦ A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.

19.  8. What is conjugation? ◦ The process in which a unicellular organism transfers some of its genetic material to another unicellular organism. ◦ It does not produce offspring! After information is transferred, the cells must undergo binary fission!

20.  9. How are binary fission and conjugation related? ◦ Binary fission and conjugation are both types of reproduction. Conjugation involves two parents sharing information, but in order for offspring to be produced, all bacteria cells must undergo binary fission.

21.  10. Describe four ways that bacteria are helpful to humans. ◦ Fuel: Methane produced by archaebacteria is a major component in natural gas ◦ Food: Cheese, yogurt, apple cider, olives, etc – all are made with the help of bacteria! ◦ Environmental Recycling: Decomposers break down large chemicals into smaller ones. ◦ Environmental Cleanup: Remember Lead, SD? The bacteria ate the cyanide. ◦ Health and Medicine: Digestive system’s BFF. Also, helps with the production of some medicines

22.  11. What is an antibiotic? What causes antibiotic resistance? ◦ A chemical that can kill a bacteria. ◦ Antibiotic resistance is caused by:  Not finishing a course of antibiotics  Over-use of antibiotics  Prescribing antibiotics when they aren’t necessary  The resistant DNA is shared with non-resistant bacteria

23.  What is a vaccine? ◦ A substance that stimulates the body to produce chemicals that destroy viruses, bacteria, or other disease-causing organisms.

24.  Explain the Zone of Inhibition. ◦ The zone of inhibition is the clear area around an antibiotic disk. The clear area indicates that the bacteria was not able to grow there. The larger the zone of inhibition, the better the antibiotic fights that bacteria.

25.  14. Below are three types of archaea bacteria. Describe the environment of each one. ◦ Methanogens: produce methane ◦ Halophiles: live in salty places ◦ Thermophiles: live in extreme temperatures

26.  15. Below are three types of eubacteria. Describe each one. ◦ Producers: transform energy from sunlight into energy that can be used by cells ◦ Decomposers: break down large chemicals into smaller ones ◦ Parasites: live on or in a host, causing it harm.

27.  Your test is on Thursday!  It is on Scantron – don’t forget a pencil. Pen is not allowed!