2.  Unicellular (single celled)  No nuclear membrane  Small (less than 2 um)  Only 1 circular chromosome

3. To classify bacteria, you analyze: 1) Cell shape 2) Cell wall 3) Movement 4) Type of respiration 5) Metabolism 6) Reproduction

4.  There are three common shapes of prokaryotes:  1) spherical (coccus)  2) rod (bacillus)  3) spiral (spirillium)  Refer to pg 59 to see

5.  When these bacteria cells aggregate, they can form “groups”  1) Mono = one  2) Diplo = two  3) Strepto = in a chain  4) Staphlo = cluster  Ex. Steptobacilli? Staphylococci

6.  We classify bacteria as gram positive or gram negative when analysing cell walls  We use a combination of crystal violet and iodine to STAIN a sample of bacteria  If the cell wall is THICK, it usually has a THICK peptidoglycan layer. This layer will get STAINED (bright fuscia)  gram positive bacteria  If the cell wall has a very thin peptidoglycan layer (pale pink)  gram negative bacteria

7.  The composition of the cell wall is unique to the strain of bacteria  Antibiotics target cell walls  If we can identify the composition, we can create specific antibiotics to target certain strains of bacteria!

8.  There are three main structures for movement: 1. Flagellum – tail like structure hat whips around to propel the bacteria 2. Cilia – small hair-like projections surrounding the cell that help it to “swim” back and forth 3. Non-motile – sticky cilia like structures that keep the bacteria from moving

9. 1. Aerobic – grows in the presence of oxygen 2. Anaerobic – grows in the absence of oxygen 3. Obligate aerobes –MUST have oxygen 4. Obligate anaerobes 5. Facultative anaerobes – can grow with OR without oxygen

10. 1. Autotrophs 2. Heterotrophs 3. Chemotrophs

11.  Make their own energy source by using solar energy and converting it into chemical potential energy  Ex. Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)– uses photosynthesis to make glucose

12.  Obtain energy from eating other organisms  Ex. E.coli - find an example of what they eat!

13.  Make their own energy from chemicals like sulfur or hydrogen sulfide  Ex. Methanogen – lives in deep sea vents

14.  Halophiles – LOVES salt (i.e. lives in oceans)  Thermophiles – LOVES hot (ie. Lives in hot springs)  Psychrophiles – LOVES cold (i.e. lives in arctic soils)

15. 1. Binary Fission (asexual) 2. Conjugation (sexual) 3. Endospore Formation (dormant)

16.  When bacteria copies it genetic information, then splits into two identical daughter cells  Refer to pg 62

17.  The donor cell attaches itself to the recipient cell via a pilus  The donor cell donates a copy of a plasmid (circular, small DNA)  A common trait / info that is passed between bacteria through conjugation is resistance to antibiotics like penicillin or ampicillin

18.  When environmental conditions threaten survival, some bacteria can form endospores  They are hard-walled structures that protect and store the bacterial DNA/RNA  The hard walls are resistant to temperature, dehydration, radiation and toxic chemicals!  They can survive from weeks to thousands of years!

19.  Go to wiki and watch the videos posted for bacteria – make notes  Read pg 65