1. Elements and the Periodic Table Introduction to Atoms Organizing the Elements Metals Nonmetals and Metalloids Elements From Stardust Table of Contents

2. Elements and the Periodic Table

3. concerning ATOMS Frank & Ernest concerning ATOMS

4. Elements and the Periodic Table - Elements and Atoms The Building Blocks of Matter Matter may consist of elements, compounds, or mixtures.

5. Elements and the Periodic Table - Elements and Atoms Atomic Theory and Models Dalton thought that atoms were like smooth, hard balls that could not be broken into smaller pieces.

6. Elements and the Periodic Table - Elements and Atoms Atomic Theory and Models Thomson suggested that atoms had negatively charged electrons embedded in a positive sphere.

7. Elements and the Periodic Table - Elements and Atoms Atomic Theory and Models Rutherford was surprised that a few particles were deflected strongly. This led him to propose an atomic model with a positively charged nucleus.

8. Elements and the Periodic Table - Elements and Atoms Atomic Theory and Models Through the first part of the twentieth century, atomic models continued to change.

9. Elements and the Periodic Table Outlining As you read, make an outline about elements and atoms. Use the red headings for the main ideas and the blue headings for the supporting ideas. Elements and Atoms I.The Building Blocks of Matter A.Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures B.Particles of Elements II.Atomic Theory and Models A.Dalton’s Atomic Theory B.Thomson and Smaller Parts of Atoms C.Rutherford and the Nucleus D.Bohr’s Model E.A Cloud of Electrons F.The Modern Atomic Model - Elements and Atoms

10. Elements and the Periodic Table More on Atomic Structure Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about atomic structure. - Elements and Atoms

11. Elements and the Periodic Table

13. Structure of an Atom A carbon atom consists of protons and neutrons in a nucleus that is surrounded by electrons. - Introduction to Atoms

14. Elements and the Periodic Table Models of Atoms - Introduction to Atoms For over two centuries, scientists have created models of atoms in an effort to understand why matter behaves as it does. As scientists have learned more, the model of the atom has changed.

15. Elements and the Periodic Table Isotopes Atoms of all isotopes of carbon contain six protons, but they differ in the number of neutrons. Carbon-12 is the most common isotope. - Introduction to Atoms

16. Elements and the Periodic Table Previewing Visuals Before you read, preview Figure 2. Then write two questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. Structure of an Atom Q. What particles are in the center of the atom? A. Protons and neutrons Q. What particles move around the outside of the nucleus? A. Electrons - Introduction to Atoms

17. Elements and the Periodic Table More on Atoms Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about atoms. - Introduction to Atoms

18. Elements and the Periodic Table

19. End of Section: Introduction to Atoms

20. Elements and the Periodic Table End of Section: Elements and Atoms

21. Elements and the Periodic Table - Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table Valence Electrons and Bonding The number of valence electrons in an atom of an element determines many properties of that element, including the ways in which the atom can bond with other atoms.

22. Elements and the Periodic Table - Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table The Periodic Table Elements are organized into rows and columns based on their atomic number.

23. Elements and the Periodic Table Periodic Table Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the periodic table. - Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table

24. Elements and the Periodic Table - Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table The Periodic Table As the number of protons (atomic number) increases, the number of electrons also increases. As a result, the properties of the elements change in a regular way across a period.

25. Elements and the Periodic Table - Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table The Periodic Table The variety of colors in a “neon” sign results from passing an electric current through sealed glass tubes containing different noble gases.

26. Elements and the Periodic Table Building Vocabulary After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words. - Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table Key Terms:Examples: valence electronsValence electrons are electrons that are of the highest energy level and are held most loosely. electron dot diagramThe symbol for the element surrounded by dots that stand for valence electrons is an electron dot diagram. chemical bondA chemical bond is the force of attraction that holds two atoms together as a result of the rearrangement of electrons between them. symbolEach element is represented by a symbol, usually consisting of one or two letters. Key Terms:Examples: atomic number period group family noble gas The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. A row of elements across the periodic table is called a period. Elements in the same column are called a group or family. A noble gas is any element in Group 18, which consists of elements with eight valence electrons. Key Terms:Examples: halogen alkali metal A halogen is any element in Group 17, which consists of elements with seven valence electrons. A alkali metal is any element in Group 1, which consists of elements with one valence electron.

27. Elements and the Periodic Table End of Section: Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table

28. Elements and the Periodic Table Finding Data on Elements Each square of the periodic table includes an element’s atomic number, chemical symbol, name, and atomic mass. - Organizing the Elements

29. Elements and the Periodic Table Periodic Table Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the periodic table. - Organizing the Elements

30. Elements and the Periodic Table Organization of the Periodic Table The 18 columns of the periodic table reflect a repeating pattern of properties that generally occur across a period. - Organizing the Elements

31. Elements and the Periodic Table Asking Questions Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions. What pattern of elements did Mendeleev discover? Patterns appeared when the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic mass. What data about elements is found in the periodic table? Atomic number, chemical symbols and names, and average atomic mass How are elements organized in the periodic table? Elements are organized in periods and groups based on their properties. QuestionAnswers - Organizing the Elements

32. Elements and the Periodic Table End of Section: Organizing the Elements

33. Elements and the Periodic Table Metals in the Periodic Table The metals in Group 1, from lithium to francium, are called the alkali metals. Alkali metals react with atoms of other elements by losing one electron. - Metals

34. Elements and the Periodic Table Metals in the Periodic Table Group 2 of the periodic table contains the alkaline earth metals. These elements are not as reactive as the metals in Group 1, but they are more reactive than most other metals. - Metals

35. Elements and the Periodic Table Melting Points in a Group of Elements The properties of elements within a single group in the periodic table often vary in a certain pattern. The following graph shows the melting points of Group 1 elements (alkali metals) from lithium to francium. - Metals

36. Elements and the Periodic Table Melting Points in a Group of Elements Melting points decrease from lithium to francium. Reading Graphs: As you look at Group 1 from lithium to francium, describe how the melting points of the alkali metals change. - Metals

37. Elements and the Periodic Table Melting Points in a Group of Elements New element 119 should have a melting point of approximately 25ºC. Predicting: If element number 119 were synthesized, it would fall below francium in Group 1 of the periodic table. Predict the approximate melting point of new element 119. - Metals

38. Elements and the Periodic Table Melting Points in a Group of Elements None of the alkali metals are liquids at room temperature. Cesium and francium might melt if you could hold them in your hand. Interpreting Data: Room temperature is usually about 22ºC. Human body temperature is 37ºC. Which of the alkali metals are liquids at room temperature? Which might melt if you could hold them in your hand? - Metals

39. Elements and the Periodic Table Metals in the Periodic Table The transition metals are less reactive than the metals in Groups 1 and 2. - Metals

40. Elements and the Periodic Table Metals in the Periodic Table Only some of the elements in Groups 13 through 15 of the periodic table are metals. These metals are not nearly as reactive as those on the left side of the table. - Metals

41. Elements and the Periodic Table Metals in the Periodic Table Lanthanides are soft, malleable, shiny metals with high conductivity. - Metals

42. Elements and the Periodic Table Metals in the Periodic Table The elements below the lanthanides are called actinides. Many of these elements are so unstable that they last for only a fraction of a second after they are made. - Metals

43. Elements and the Periodic Table What You Know What You Learned Using Prior Knowledge Before you read, write what you know about metals in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, write what you learn. 1.Metals are shiny. 2.Some metals are magnetic. 1.Ductile metals can be pulled into a wire. 2.Alkali metals react by losing one electron. - Metals

44. Elements and the Periodic Table Links on Metals Click the SciLinks button for links on metals. - Metals

45. Elements and the Periodic Table End of Section: Metals

46. Elements and the Periodic Table Properties of Nonmetals When nonmetals react with metals, one or more electrons move from the metal atoms to the nonmetal atoms. - Nonmetals and Metalloids

47. Elements and the Periodic Table Families of Nonmetals Each element in the carbon family has atoms that can gain, lose, or share four electrons when reacting with atoms of other elements. - Nonmetals and Metalloids

48. Elements and the Periodic Table Families of Nonmetals Group 15, the nitrogen family, contains two nonmetals: nitrogen and phosphorus. These non- metals usually gain or share three electrons when reacting with atoms of other elements. - Nonmetals and Metalloids

49. Elements and the Periodic Table Families of Nonmetals Group 16, the oxygen family, contains three nonmetals: oxygen, sulfur, and selenium. These elements usually gain or share two electrons when reacting with atoms of other elements. - Nonmetals and Metalloids

50. Elements and the Periodic Table Families of Nonmetals The Group 17 elements are the most reactive nonmetals. Atoms of these elements easily form compounds by sharing or gaining one electron when reacting with atoms of other elements. - Nonmetals and Metalloids

51. Elements and the Periodic Table Families of Nonmetals The elements in Group 18 are known as the noble gases. They do not ordinarily form compounds because atoms of noble gases do not usually gain, lose, or share electrons. - Nonmetals and Metalloids

52. Elements and the Periodic Table Families of Nonmetals Because the chemical properties of hydrogen differ very much from those of the other elements, it really cannot be grouped into a family. - Nonmetals and Metalloids

53. Elements and the Periodic Table The Metalloids The metalloids have some characteristics of both metals and nonmetals. The most useful property of the metalloids is their varying ability to conduct electricity. - Nonmetals and Metalloids

54. Elements and the Periodic Table Using Prior Knowledge Before you read, write what you know about nonmetals in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, write what you learn. What You Know What You Learned 1.Nonmetals are not shiny. 2.Nonmetals are not magnetic. 1.Nonmetals are dull and brittle. 2.Metalloids have characteristics of metals and nonmetals. - Nonmetals and Metalloids

55. Elements and the Periodic Table Links on Nonmetals Click the SciLinks button for links on nonmetals. - Nonmetals and Metalloids

56. Elements and the Periodic Table End of Section: Nonmetals and Metalloids

57. Elements and the Periodic Table

60. Radioactive Tracers Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the periodic table.

61. Elements and the Periodic Table End of Section: Radiation

62. Elements and the Periodic Table How Elements Form in Stars Nuclear fusion, which occurs in stars on a huge scale, combines smaller nuclei into larger nuclei, creating heavier elements. - Elements From Stardust

63. Elements and the Periodic Table Sequencing As you read, make a flowchart like the one below that shows how elements are formed in stars. Write the steps in separate boxes in the flowchart in the order in which they occur. Hydrogen nuclei fuse, forming helium. Helium nuclei fuse, forming beryllium. Fusion continues in smaller stars, forming elements up to oxygen. Fusion in larger stars produces heavier elements up to iron. The heaviest elements form during supernova explosions of the most massive stars. - Elements From Stardust

64. Elements and the Periodic Table Links on Nuclear Fusion Click the SciLinks button for links on nuclear fusion. - Elements From Stardust

65. Elements and the Periodic Table End of Section: Elements From Stardust

66. Elements and the Periodic Table Graphic Organizer Elements Atomic number Periods Families Groups Periodic table Rows Columns Patterns of properties organizes called or is made up of and shows in order of increasing

67. Elements and the Periodic Table End of Section: Graphic Organizer