1. US – China Symposium on Industry Participation in Standardization 30 May 2007 Dr. Christine Sloane

2. Experience with Development of Standards Fuel Cell Vehicles Experience with Development of Standards Fuel Cell Vehicles  Development of Standards is ahead of the product being ready for the marketplace minor vested commercial interests easier to seek efficient requirements & measures  Development of Standards is ahead of the product being ready for the marketplace minor vested commercial interests easier to seek efficient requirements & measures  Global companies are developing the technology interest in global products, not national protections interest in technology-neutral standards to allow rapid use of changes/advances in technology  Global companies are developing the technology interest in global products, not national protections interest in technology-neutral standards to allow rapid use of changes/advances in technology  Nations with major technology investments recognize benefit of global markets opportunity to change from history of different national requirements to efficient global standards linked to compelling global drivers  Nations with major technology investments recognize benefit of global markets opportunity to change from history of different national requirements to efficient global standards linked to compelling global drivers What is Different?

3. Interim Specs Industry Standards Concept Cars Is it real? Demo Cars Can we do it? Pre-Commercial Is it viable?Production 10s 10s 100s 1000sCriticalmass Guidelines & Best Practices Potential Rollout of Fuel Cell Vehicle Standards & Rulemaking Standards & Rulemaking technology advances & evaluation validation & experience Regulations commercial feasibility # vehicles worldwide EU nations UN ECE UN GTR UN GTR US-NHTSA ISO SAE Rule Making

4. The lead forum for development of global vehicle standards for Fuel Cell Vehicles is SAE International The lead forum for development of global vehicle standards for Fuel Cell Vehicles is SAE International Participation based on level of expertise & experience (not nationality) Strong participation by component suppliers and vehicle manufacturers with fuel cell vehicles in global demonstration fleets Strong participation by Japan, US & EU Global experts convene on frequent & adjustable work schedules Work groups accommodate teleconferencing Harmonization with ISO is accomplished by people with joint membership who ensure consideration of common information for a data-driven basis for requirements Open to participation by experts from China

5. SAE -- vehicles Fuel Cell Standards Committee FCV Safety Work Group FCV Performance Work Group FCV Interface (fueling) Work Group Activity in Codes & Standards Development For Fuel Cell Vehicles Activity in Codes & Standards Development For Fuel Cell Vehicles ISO – vehicles & facilities  TC 197 Hydrogen Technologies  TC 22/ SC 21 Electric Vehicles  ISO TAGs (National voting Tech Advisory Groups) United Nations-ECE WP 29 GRSP Work Group NFPA (fueling stations & repair) ICC (fueling stations & repair) CSA (dispensers) Facilities (fueling stations, repair & service

6. FCV Technical Committees in SAE Fuel Cell Vehicle Standards Committee SAE document Safety WGVehicle safetyJ2578 Fuel system safety J2579 Electrical safety J1766 S/V Interface WG35MPa Receptacle & NozzleJ2600 70MPa Receptacle & NozzleJ2799 Fueling ProtocolJ2601 Hydrogen fuel quality J2719 Performance WGFuel cell systemJ2615 Fuel processorJ2616 Fuel cell stackJ2617 Fuel cell stack durability J2722 Emission & fuel consumptionJ2572 Recyclability J2594 Published Drafting

7. FCV Technical Committees in ISO Electric Road Vehicles TC22/SC21 Hydrogen Technologies TC197 Vehicle safety FCHEV consumption CGH FCV consumption CGH Liquid-H 2 fueling interface Hydrogen fuel spec H 2 system safety guidelines Liquid-H2 storage Compressed-H 2 fueling interface Compressed-H 2 storage ISO 23272-1,2,3 WI 23828-1 WI 23829-1 ISO 13984 ISO/TS 14687 ISO/TR 15916 DIS 13985 ISO 17268 DIS 15869 (H 2 & electrical) Published Drafting

8. SAE J2600 Fueling Connectors 700 bar & liq SAE 1766 Electrical System Crash Integrity SAE 2579 Hydrogen Fuel Handling & Storage Systems SAE J2600 Compressed Hydrogen Fueling Connectors SAE J2578 Vehicle Safety SAE J2615 Performance Test for Fuel Cell Systems SAE J2616 Performance Test for Fuel Processor Systems SAE J2617 Performance Test for PEM Fuel Cell Stacks SAE J2601 Compressed Hydrogen Fueling Communication SAE J2572 Exhaust Emissions Recommended practice SAE J2594 Fuel Cell Recyclability EPA Emissions DOT/NHTSA Crashworthiness Of HFCV DOT/NHTSA FC Vehicle Regulations NFPA52 Fuel Systems in Fuel Stations Status of Codes and Standards for Hydrogen-fueled Vehicles SAE J2578 700bar & liq ISO 17268 ISO 15916 & 23273-1&2 ISO 23273-3 ISO 13894 LH storage 15869 CGH storage Corresponding ISO Standards No activity In progress Published

9. Strengths of a Global Forum of Technical Experts for Development of Efficient Standards Expertise -- participation by developers of the technology (who know it best & are accountable for performance) Focus on Customer Satisfaction -- public confidence in performance & safety Focus on flexibility for continual innovation & minimum cost

10. Critical Elements of Efficient Standards?  Public safety  Commercial feasibility

11. Two Types of Safety Standards Performance Standards Prescriptive Standards New technologies can qualify without change in standards -- allows rapid use of new technologies Applied to mass production – mobile products Applied to individual or low volume builds cars fueling stations Performance & safety are verified by (destructive) testing under extremes of real-world conditions Performance & Safety are predicted based on history (established materials & constructions) Applied to interfaces between applications

12. Two Types of Safety Standards Performance Standard Prescriptive Standard Fuel is not leaked after vehicle crashes sealings, materials & construction of fuel system are not specified Fueling nozzle diameter & sealing are specified Examples

13. What do we want from Codes & Standards?  Public safety  Commercial feasibility -- to be ready in the 2010 – 2015 timeframe

14.  Commercial feasibility Infrastructure compatibility International consistency Rapid intro of technology What do we want from Codes & Standards? -- to be ready in the 2010 – 2015 timeframe

15.  Commercial feasibility -- rapid introduction of new technology Performance standards allow use of new technologies (materials, constructions, designs) without rewriting early standards New technologies required to demonstrate safe performance Risk: premature & prescriptive standards slow advances Solution: performance standards What do we want from Codes & Standards? -- to be ready in the 2010 – 2015 timeframe

16. Example: Compressed Hydrogen Storage A key challenge for fuel cell vehicles is the development of more efficient and lower cost hydrogen storage Commercialization will be delayed for years if insertion of new storage technologies into vehicles must wait for revision of Standards and regulations Therefore, commercial feasibility requires rapid implementation of new storage technologies Therefore, it is critically important that storage standards are performance-based so new technologies can qualify rapidly for use in vehicles

17. Environmental exposure ParkingFueling Cumulative extremes of lifetime stresses (full function and no leakage) Service-terminating stress Bonfire Localized fire Impact / Penetration Framework for Comprehensive Performance-based Safety Requirements for Onboard Hydrogen Storage (managed release) temperature cuts & abrasions chemicals static pressure temperature full-fill pressure cycles rapid drive defueling

18. Storage Standard Currently Under Development Requires demonstration of safe performance under cumulative extremes of potential use regardless of materials used regardless of method of construction explicit linkage to extremes of potential use & exposure Significant change from type of storage standard used for CNG vehicles to move to performance basis

19.  Commercial feasibility Infrastructure compatibility International consistency Rapid intro of technology Performance standards for safe function What do we want from Codes & Standards? -- to be ready in the 2010 – 2015 timeframe

20. United Nations Global Technical Regulations for Fuel Cell Vehicles for Fuel Cell Vehicles 1.Time to be commercial -- meeting separate requirements per country dilutes effort 2. Cost -- economy of scale Globally consistent regulations are critically important Cost is a challenge for fuel cell vehicles Low volume vehicles face added costs Volumes can be raised by deployment across globe This requires regional and global harmonization of standards

21. China is a Participant In the Global Harmonization of Fuel Cell Vehicle Standards China is a signature party to the 1998 Agreement under the UN ECE, which establishes the framework for UN Global Technical Regulations Development of regulations for fuel cell vehicles as Global Technical Regulations is the pathway to globally harmonized regulations SAE International and ISO are open to participation by experts from China Participants in the UN GTR process can assist by: working for standards based on performance resisting pressures to individually establish premature (prescriptive) requirements

22. Christine Sloane