1. First, enter your data in Excel. The example is from an acceptability judgement questionnaire. Here I have columns for Subject, Group, Item, Condition and “1=yes” (acceptability). Using Excel: data entry and pivot tables

2. Select your data. Select Pivot Table Report from the Data menu The Pivot Table wizard appears: our data is in an Excel database. Click ‘next’. Making a pivot table

3. If necessary, fill in the range. Click ‘next’. Choose where you want the table to appear, and click on ‘layout’.

4. On the right are buttons for each of the column headings. Drag the appropriate buttons onto the diagram We need to choose ‘subject’, ‘condition’ and ‘1=yes’ for a by- subjects analysis. Note that the default for the data field is ‘count’. We want the average, so double- click on the button to change it

5. You can choose different kinds of summaries -- we want the average Click ‘OK’, and then click ‘finish’ on the next window.

6. The result: a Pivot Table. This one shows us the average rate of acceptability in the ‘e’ and ‘s’ conditions, for each subject. You can do a quick t-test in Excel using the following syntax: =ttest(condition1data, condition2data, 2,1) 2 = 2-tailed 1 = paired

7. You can make more complicated pivot tables -- let’s look at the subjects’ averages by condition and group.